SOILS-L: 199612XX
is the compilation of discussion during Dec 96
via AB4EL Web Digests @ SunSITE
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Wed Dec 4 08:45 EST 1996
Date: Wed, 4 Dec 1996 07:29:55 -0600
Message-Id: <199612041329.AA04760@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 648
Contents:
5th French National Congress of Soil Science (Christian WALTER <cwalter@roazhon.inra.fr>)
Date: Wed, 04 Dec 1996 14:21:28 +0100
From: Christian WALTER <cwalter@roazhon.inra.fr>
Subject: 5th French National Congress of Soil Science
The 5th French National Congress of Soil Science has been
organized by The French Association of Soil Science (AFES) in april 1996.
The main theme of this congress was : Soil and transfert of pollutants in
the landscapes
You have now access to the 105 summaries of the communications (sorry in
French only)
through internet, at the following adress :
http://segolene.roazhon.inra.fr/afes/afes.html
The summaries are classified by themes :
1. Agronomic aspects of soil science
2. Soil mapping and spatial analysis
3. Behaviour of pesticides in the soil
4. Soil organic matter=20
5. Heavy metals and trace elements
6. Pedogenesis and alteration
7. Soil physic
---------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Christian .WALTER
ENSA-INRA, Laboratoire de Science du Sol, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc
35042 Rennes -=20
t=E9l : 02-99-28-54-39 ou 02-99-28-54-22 (standard)
Fax : 02-99-28-54-30
E-mail : cwalter@roazhon.inra.fr
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Wed Dec 11 12:49 EST 1996
Date: Wed, 11 Dec 1996 11:33:18 -0600
Message-Id: <199612111733.AA20296@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 649
Contents:
Re: Introduction (Chuck Mancuso <cmancuso@netw.com>)
Date: Wed, 11 Dec 1996 09:30:23 -0800
From: Chuck Mancuso <cmancuso@netw.com>
Subject: Re: Introduction
At 03:02 PM 12/10/96 -0600, you wrote:
>You have been added to list soils-l@unl.edu.
>Requests to listserv@unl.edu.
> **** Welcome to the SOILS-L Discussion Group ****
>
>[snip]
> In order for soils-l subscribers to get to know each other, I would
> request that you use your first post to the list to introduce yourself
> as far as your name, affiliation, area(s) of interest and at least
> one 'burning' question that you think would be a good discussion topic.
>
> [snip]
> Virtually,
>
> Jerome Pier jp@unl.edu
>
>
>
>
>
I work for the University of Idaho as farm operations manager of a branch
station at Sandpoint, ID. We are located about 50 miles, (80 KM) from the
US, Canada border. Our soils in the area are cool, glacial lacustrine
deposits with a mantle of volcanic ash. A fragipan starts at about 30 cm and
extends to about 65 cm. Our major research area at the station is production
horticulture.
I'm interested in soil-water relationships, especially methods of measuring
water content; also, the manipulation, through management, of the plow
layer soil structure.
I'm also interested in methods of measuring bulk density, and aggregate
stability in the field. I've heard of using ultra-sound to measure bulk
density and moisture content. Have any of you experience in this?
I look forward to learning from soils-l, and hope some of my experiences can
help others.
Regards,
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Thu Dec 12 12:53 EST 1996
Date: Thu, 12 Dec 1996 11:33:57 -0600
Message-Id: <199612121733.AA20833@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 650
Contents:
Measuring soil moisture using TDR (Pat Mielnick <AGRO280@UNLVM.UNL.EDU>)
Re: Measuring soil moisture using TDR (Chuck Mancuso <cmancuso@netw.com>)
Re: Measuring soil moisture using TDR ("Ali Reza Movahedi Naeini" <PEV94AM@wye.ac.uk>)
roots and nitrogen ("Ali Reza Movahedi Naeini" <PEV94AM@wye.ac.uk>)
Re: Measuring soil moisture using TDR (Sharon Davis <sharon.davis@eng.monash.edu.au>)
Date: Wed, 11 Dec 96 12:59:28 CST
From: Pat Mielnick <AGRO280@UNLVM.UNL.EDU>
Subject: Measuring soil moisture using TDR
Regarding a non-destructive way to measure soil moisture, has anyone
used the TDR system by, I think it's called, MoisturePoint or something
like that. I believe they are out of California. The TDR system they
are marketing has shorting diodes imbedded within a resinous matrix in
a long rectangular rod that is buried in the soil. The electro-magnetic
signal is sent from a console down through the rods and the response
time determines the soil moisture content. If you have used this system,
have you had any problems with it particularly measuring soil moisture
at deeper depths or in soils with very dissimilar layers. The idea is
good but I'm not sure how well it works in field situations. If you have
used this system, I would appreciate any comments, either pro or con, you
might have.
Thanks. Pat
Date: Wed, 11 Dec 1996 14:44:10 -0800
From: Chuck Mancuso <cmancuso@netw.com>
Subject: Re: Measuring soil moisture using TDR
At 01:27 PM 12/11/96 -0600, you wrote:
>Regarding a non-destructive way to measure soil moisture, has anyone
>used the TDR system by, I think it's called, MoisturePoint or something
>like that. I believe they are out of California. The TDR system they
>are marketing has shorting diodes imbedded within a resinous matrix in
>a long rectangular rod that is buried in the soil. The electro-magnetic
>signal is sent from a console down through the rods and the response
>time determines the soil moisture content. If you have used this system,
>have you had any problems with it particularly measuring soil moisture
>at deeper depths or in soils with very dissimilar layers. The idea is
>good but I'm not sure how well it works in field situations. If you have
>used this system, I would appreciate any comments, either pro or con, you
>might have.
> Thanks. Pat
>
>
Try the soil water content sensor mailing list. A good discusson of TDR
going on there now.
Send email to majordomo@aqua.ccwr.ac.za, no subject, with body text:
subscribe sowacs
good luck,
Standard disclaimer
wmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwm
|| Chuck Mancuso || i Univ. of Idaho i ||
|| Sandpoint, ID USA || {|} Sandpoint {|} ||
|| cmancuso@netw.com || {{|}} R&E {{|}} ||
|| || {((|))} Center {((|))} ||
|| || {{{{|}}}} {{{{|}}}}||
|| || ____|______________________|____||
wmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwmwm
Date: Wed, 11 Dec 1996 23:00:35 GMT
From: "Ali Reza Movahedi Naeini" <PEV94AM@wye.ac.uk>
Subject: Re: Measuring soil moisture using TDR
Hi
I have used this machine for two years, horizontally in soil layers
up to 60 cm depth. I started with using 70 cm waveguides (rods)
which it failed to work, but it was allright for waveguides 50 cm or
shorter. There are other models of burriable waveguides which are
more expensive, but as an alternative I inserted the ordinary rods
horizontally in the soil with the aid of access pits. The advantage
of this machine is reading the moisture content very quickly and saves
the readings. The disadvantage is that the cable connecting rods to
the machine is very weak and keeps breaking.
Ali Reza Movahedi Naeini Ph.D Student Wye College
University of London,Wye Near Ashford,Kent TN25 5AH
Phone Office :01233 812401 EXT:391
Phone Hostel :01233 812012 Room Nomber-9
Date: Wed, 11 Dec 1996 23:20:21 GMT
From: "Ali Reza Movahedi Naeini" <PEV94AM@wye.ac.uk>
Subject: roots and nitrogen
Hello
In my field experiment I have observed treatment with nitrogen
fertilizer has reduced root counts for maize in top 40 cm of soil
surface with respect to control and analysis of available nitrogen,
indicates existing a greater fraction of nitrate compared to ammonium
in both fertilizer treatment and control.
The majority of documents consider nitrogen as an element which
encourage expansion of roots. Does anyone knows of any evidence to
back my observation.
many thanks
Date: Thu, 12 Dec 1996 11:27:46 GMT+1100
From: Sharon Davis <sharon.davis@eng.monash.edu.au>
Subject: Re: Measuring soil moisture using TDR
Hi to all,
I have also tried using the Moisture point TDR in the field for moisture readings during
an instantaneous profile method experiment - but met with limited success. There
seemed to be some problem switching between diodes. It can also be difficult to install the
longer probes without bending them.
For anyone who interested Dr Sam Dasberg carried out some calibration work while he
was a visiting scientist at CSIRO in Canberra, Australia. He compared the performance of
the Moisture point probe in repacked cores in the lab with field sites. He found that the
cylinder of measurement around the probe was of a diameter of less than 1 cm. This small
sphere of influence may introduce significant difficulties in heterogenous field soils. In
short, the probes performed well in the lab. but field applications were less successful.
The findings of his work were published in a report for the Cooperative Research Centre
for Catchment Hydrology. Copies may be obtained from the follow address. I believe
there is a cost of AUS $20.
regards
Sharon
Dasberg, S., Alksnis, H., Daniel, P., Kalma, J.D. and Zegelin, S.J. 1995. "Calibration of
the "Moisture Point" TDR system". Melbourne. CRC for Catchment Hydrology.
Contact for report:
Virginia Verrelli
CRC for Catchment Hydrology,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Monash University,
Clayton 3168.
AUSTRALIA
telephone + 61 3 9905 2704
fax. +61 3 9905 5033
email: verrelli@eng.monash.edu.au
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Fri Dec 13 12:53 EST 1996
Date: Fri, 13 Dec 1996 11:35:47 -0600
Message-Id: <199612131735.AA26338@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 651
Contents:
Nitrogen cycle with depth (Paul Reynolds <PREYNOLD@tnrcc.state.tx.us>)
Re: Nitrogen cycle with depth (John Sloan <jsloan@Soils.Umn.EDU>)
Re: Measuring soil moisture using TDR (AGRO280@UNLVM.UNL.EDU)
Re: Nitrogen cycle with depth -Reply (Paul Reynolds <PREYNOLD@tnrcc.state.tx.us>)
Date: Thu, 12 Dec 1996 15:39:15 -0600
From: Paul Reynolds <PREYNOLD@tnrcc.state.tx.us>
Subject: Nitrogen cycle with depth
I am looking for any and all information and ideas that I can find that
pertains to nitrogen species that have percolated to depths of 5 to 40
feet deep. Let me give you a little history of the situation.
I am working a project where the entity has impacted the aquifer with
nitrates and salts. This is a large wastewater application facility that,
through 40+ years of operation, has mounded the water table beneath
the land application site by 65 feet.
Through proper management and pumpage, the mound has dropped 30
feet in 6 years. However, the nitrate levels in the ground water are
increasing at an alarming rate.
My question to the group is 'what would cause a increase in NO3 when
the water table is dropping? I have a theory, but I wanted to see if I
could get additional ideas.
The only soils data that I have is annual sampling reports submitted as a
requirement of the enforcement order. These samples were taken at
the 0-12" depth only. This is the part that has been extremely frustrating
for me. I have no idea what is going on in the subsurface. However, I
do have the authority to require additional sampling, although I do have
to justify my requests.
Does any one have any ideas for sampling, or any theories pertaining to
what is happening?
My theory is that while the soils were saturated, anaerobic
denitrification was occurring. Now that things are drying out and air is
being reintroduced, nitrification is occurring. Thus increasing the
amount of nitrates in the lower profiles and concentrating in the
groundwater.
I would appreciate your thoughts on the subject.
thanks,
preynold
Agronomist
TNRCC
Date: Fri, 13 Dec 1996 08:23:17 -0600 (CST)
From: John Sloan <jsloan@Soils.Umn.EDU>
Subject: Re: Nitrogen cycle with depth
What depth is the well? I doubt if nitrification is occuring at depths
greater than 5 feet but a microbiologist could answer that more accurately.
Perhaps the first water pumped from the well was from a relatively
uncontaminated part of the aquifer and now NO3 levels are increasing
beacause you're beginning to draw water from the contaminated mound of water.
At 03:29 PM 12/12/96 -0600, you wrote:
...
>I am working a project where the entity has impacted the aquifer with
>nitrates and salts. This is a large wastewater application facility that,
>through 40+ years of operation, has mounded the water table beneath
>the land application site by 65 feet.
>
>Through proper management and pumpage, the mound has dropped 30
>feet in 6 years. However, the nitrate levels in the ground water are
>increasing at an alarming rate.
>
...
>
>My theory is that while the soils were saturated, anaerobic
>denitrification was occurring. Now that things are drying out and air is
>being reintroduced, nitrification is occurring. Thus increasing the
>amount of nitrates in the lower profiles and concentrating in the
>groundwater.
>
====================================================================
John Sloan Tel: (612) 625-4749
USDA-ARS Fax: (612) 625-2208
Department of Soil, Water, and Climate e-mail: jsloan@soils.umn.edu
439 Borlaug Hall, Univ. of Minnesota sloanjj@aol.com
1991 Upper Buford Circle
St. Paul MN 55108
Date: Fri, 13 Dec 96 11:00:27 CST
From: AGRO280@UNLVM.UNL.EDU
Subject: Re: Measuring soil moisture using TDR
Sharon: thanks for info on Moisture Point TDR. We've also had problems
installing probes beyond 1 meter because of bending, esp. in soils with
a lot of clay. Also, there seems to be erroneous readings at deeper
depths in the profile. I also had not realized that the probes were
only measuring a sphere of less than 1 cm. There have also been some
problems concerning the battery that powers the console which tends to
lose power much faster than the manual would suggest particularly
in colder weather. I used a homemade TDR system using 15 cm stainless
steel rods (2) attached to coaxial cable and thence to a cable tester
but the interface between the cable and the rods was problematic so
thats why the Moisture Point seemed like such a good idea.
Thanks again for info on the report.
Pat
Date: Fri, 13 Dec 1996 11:33:30 -0600
From: Paul Reynolds <PREYNOLD@tnrcc.state.tx.us>
Subject: Re: Nitrogen cycle with depth -Reply
There are 77 wells and these wells were placed with the intention of
monitoring groundwater immediately beneath the site. Twenty seven
percent of these wells are showing increases in nitrates with a 2 foot
drop in the water table during 1995. There is no pattern with location of
the wells, thus there is no defined correlation between location, NO3
increase, or drop in water table. Some of these wells have exhibited an
increase of 5ppm while others range as high as 50ppm. These
increases occurred in a years time.
The wells exhibiting the nitrate increases range in depth from 8.7 to 90
feet below the surface. The water table in some of these wells
dropped over 20 feet in four years, while others had a drop of only 2-3
feet. There are a couple of these wells that showed an increase in
water table. The increase in nitrates in these wells is pretty self
explanatory to me.
This brings me back to my original problem. If nitrification is not
occurring below five feet and there is not any apparent communication
between the application of wastewater and the groundwater, 'Where
are the nitrates originating???' There are spikes of nitrates occurring
within the boundaries of the land application site. The peripheral wells
are not indicating any problem with nitrates originating offsite and
moving through the site.
Thank you for your response.
preynold
Agronomist
TNRCC
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sat Dec 14 12:50 EST 1996
Date: Sat, 14 Dec 1996 11:36:40 -0600
Message-Id: <199612141736.AA17509@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 652
Contents:
Podzoluvisols and Greyzems (phill@calima.ciat.cgiar.org (Patrick_Hill))
Date: Sat, 14 Dec 1996 11:18:34 -0300 (WDT)
From: phill@calima.ciat.cgiar.org (Patrick_Hill)
Subject: Podzoluvisols and Greyzems
Soils listers,
I would like to contact list members from the CIS
and eastern Europe with experience in soil fertility
and soil survey. CIAT, the International Center for
Tropical Agriculture, is compiling a 1:5 000 000
world map of phosphorous deficiency in soils. We are
using the FAO soil map of the world as a base and
assigning representative values of Bray II available
phosphorous to map units. CIAT's expertise is in
tropical agriculture so we have had little difficulty
in mapping Africa, Latin America and most of non-CIS
Asia. We are having trouble finding representative
values for Podzoluvisols (Glossisols, Sod Podzolic
soils) and Greyzems (Grey Forest soils).
I have done a literature search however most of the
relevant articles seem to be in languages that I do
not know and cannot get translated. Also, in my
experience, field trials are often performed on
unrepresentative soils.
Please reply to phill@calima.ciat.cgiar.org rather
than to the list.
Pat Hill
Land Management
CIAT
Apartado Aereo 6713
Cali, Valle
Colombia
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Mon Dec 16 04:24 EST 1996
Date: Mon, 16 Dec 1996 03:05:44 -0600
Message-Id: <199612160905.AA09773@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 653
Contents:
Microbial biomass, respiration and qCO2 in soils with low clay (Torsten Muller <Torsten.Muller@agsci.kvl.dk>)
Date: Mon, 16 Dec 1996 09:10:01 +0100
From: Torsten Muller <Torsten.Muller@agsci.kvl.dk>
Subject: Microbial biomass, respiration and qCO2 in soils with low clay
In order to calibrate the microbial activity against the clay content in the
soil, I am looking for refenrences dealing with low clay contents (< 10
pct). At least the datasets should contain clay content, incubation
temperature, microbial biomass and soil respiration (or qCO2) measured
under steady state conditions with optimum water content. I know that
only a few works exist for those soils. Hence, references including only
one soil with low clay content or unpublished data would be interesting
too.
Dr. Torsten Mueller
The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University
Dep. of Agricultural Sciences
Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility Laboratory
Thorvaldsensvej 40
DK-1871 Frederiksberg C (Copenhagen), Denmark
phone: +45 35283499, fax: +45 35283460
e-mail: tm@kvl.dk, http://www.agsci.kvl.dk/~tomuj5
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Tue Dec 17 04:25 EST 1996
Date: Tue, 17 Dec 1996 03:06:19 -0600
Message-Id: <199612170906.AA11140@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 654
Contents:
liquid fertiliser and soil test kits (cgibson@netc.net.au (Chris Gibson))
Re: liquid fertiliser and soil test kits (Max Turner <M.Turner@massey.ac.nz>)
Date: Mon, 16 Dec 1996 21:11:26 +1100 (EST)
From: cgibson@netc.net.au (Chris Gibson)
Subject: liquid fertiliser and soil test kits
My name is Chris Gibson, I am a farmer in Victoria, Australia. I am also
studying a degree course by correspondance in agriculture. I have interests
in two areas tha someone may be able to assist me with. These are
firstly : Liquid fertiliser for broadacre use. I am familiar will both a
seaweed and fish based products. I am wondering of the effectiveness and
efficiencies of soluable fertilisers in comparison to solid, powdered products.
secondly : Portable soil testing equipment, mainly for on farm use, having
the capabilities to determine varying levels of essential nutrients mainly
for use with cereal and legume crops as well as pastures.
If any one has had experience with either areas or has research data or
information available that they are willing to share I would be most
appreciative. If required I can be contacted through this list or privately
on the address below. Thanks for your attention, I look forward to sharing
information from a farmers point of view.
Regards Chris Gibson
5 Hallet Cresent.
Wangaratta. 3677.
Victoria, Australia.
cgibson@netc.net.au
Date: Tue, 17 Dec 1996 09:18:44 +1300
From: Max Turner <M.Turner@massey.ac.nz>
Subject: Re: liquid fertiliser and soil test kits
At 04:06 AM 16/12/96 -0600, you wrote:
>My name is Chris Gibson, I am a farmer in Victoria, Australia. I am also
>studying a degree course by correspondance in agriculture. I have interests
>in two areas tha someone may be able to assist me with. These are
>
>firstly : Liquid fertiliser for broadacre use. I am familiar will both a
>seaweed and fish based products. I am wondering of the effectiveness and
>efficiencies of soluable fertilisers in comparison to solid, powdered
products.
>
...deleted
>
>If any one has had experience with either areas or has research data or
>information available that they are willing to share I would be most
>appreciative. If required I can be contacted through this list or privately
>on the address below. Thanks for your attention, I look forward to sharing
>information from a farmers point of view.
>
Chris
In New Zealand, I have been working with the liquid fertiliser industry to
find out more about how, and if, these materials affect crop and pasture
growth. Although the popular scientific stance in this country is that
liquid fertilisers do not "work" this is patently not true. There is a
wealth of published and anecdotal evidence to prove that, used under
appropriate circumstances they certainly can be effective on plant growth.
One problem is that the conditions favouring a response have not been
clearly identified, and this is the cause of much of the confusion in the
marketplace.
Obviously the mode of operation of a liquid preparation is different from
that of solids, so it is not really possible to compare the two: they
achieve different results and cannot really be considered as true
substitutes. If you need to know more I would be happy to discuss with you
privately.
One final point, in NZ we now have an intermediate product; suspensions.
Suspensions offer an interesting combination, with benefits of both the
liquid and solids, so they could be considered a useful "hybrid".
Hope this is of some assistance.
Regards
Max Turner
M.Turner@massey.ac.nz
Department of Soil Science Phone: (6) 3505349
Palmerston North Fax : (6) 3505632
New Zealand
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Wed Dec 18 04:36 EST 1996
Date: Wed, 18 Dec 1996 03:07:17 -0600
Message-Id: <199612180907.AA09054@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 655
Contents:
Re: Liquid fertilisers ("Metherell, Alister" <metherea@tui.lincoln.ac.nz>)
Introduction; 1 burning question: What is base saturation? (Richard Chinn <info@envtechcenter.com>)
Job Opening -- Calif. Pest Control Advisor ("Warren E. Clark" <ag-pr@agpr.com>)
Date: Wed, 18 Dec 1996 11:06:51 +1300
From: "Metherell, Alister" <metherea@tui.lincoln.ac.nz>
Subject: Re: Liquid fertilisers
Chris Gibson wrote:
>I have interests in two areas tha someone may be able to assist me
>with. These are firstly : Liquid fertiliser for broadacre use. I am
>familiar will both a seaweed and fish based products. I am wondering
>of the effectiveness and efficiencies of soluable fertilisers in
>comparison to solid, powdered products.
Max Turner replied:
>In New Zealand, I have been working with the liquid fertiliser
>industry to find out more about how, and if, these materials affect
>crop and pasture growth. Although the popular scientific stance in
>this country is that liquid fertilisers do not "work" this is
>patently not true. There is a wealth of published and anecdotal
>evidence to prove that, used under appropriate circumstances they
>certainly can be effective on plant growth. One problem is that the
>conditions favouring a response have not been clearly identified, and
>this is the cause of much of the confusion in the marketplace.
I wish to present the scientific evidence from New Zealand, much of
which I was personally involved in establishing.
In the 1980's we conducted field trials on pasture, wheat and barley
with a liquid seaweed extract "Maxicrop Farm Concentrate (R)" which
was marketed in New Zealand for application to pastures and crops.
Maxicrop Farm Concentrate did not have any added NPK. The results
were the subject of a major litigation, including international expert
opinion. The judge concluded that "Maxicrop does not work".
Maxicrop Farm Concentrate was tested over a period of 3 years in a
grazing trial covering 3 sites in Southland, New Zealand. Maxicrop
was applied at the recommended application rate of 4 to 5 l/ha each
spring and autumn. Pasture production was measured continuously,
while lamb growth rates and pasture quality were measured over a 14
week period in the summer of each year. Botanical composition,
herbage mineral content and in vitro digestibility were assessed.
Maxicrop had no consistent effect on any parameter measured. Overall
the confidence intervals for both animal and pasture production
responses had narrow bounds and were centred close to zero. A
significant site by treatment interaction for lamb liveweight gain was
not supported by the results for pasture production or quality. It
was concluded that the use of Maxicrop on pasture had no beneficial
effect of practical or economic consequence.
Similarly from the seven wheat and barley trials it was concluded that
Maxicrop had no consistent effects on grain yields with confidence
intervals centred close to zero.
In a series of field trials near Hamilton, New Zealand the effects of
4 liquid fertilisers were examined over 2 years. Results were reported
in Feyter et al (1989) Effects of liquid and low analysis fertilisers
on pasture and animal production. Proceedings of the New Zealand
Grassland Association 50: 139-144.
The liquid fertilisers were the seaweed extract Maxicrop(R), the
seaweed extract with added nutrients Response(R), the biological
supplement N-Fix(R), and the fish extract Plant Plasma(R). None of
the liquid fertilisers applied at recommended rates significantly
affected total pasture production over the trial periods. Plant
Plasma, applied at 10 times the recommended rate, boosted pasture
production in the first harvest after each application, as did Plant
Plasma at the normal rate after one of the applications. Over the
trial period Plant Plasma at 10 times the recommended rate produced
significantly less than the equivalent quantity of nutrients applied
as solid fertiliser. In a grazing trial Response Extra(R) had no
significant effects on any of 8 measures of animal performance, or on
pasture production in that trial or in an associated small plot trial.
Results of the New Zealand experiments were consistant with summaries
of international trials with seaweed and fish extracts which concluded
that such materials have no consistent effects of practical benefit on
pasture and crop production. Over all the experiments summarised
there were approximately 5% statistically significant effects, both
positive and negative. This is the same proportion of statistically
significant effects as would be expected for statistical Type 1 Errors
ie. the null hypothesis is rejected when the null hypothesis is true.
Alister Metherell
Scientist
AgResearch
New Zealand
Date: Tue, 17 Dec 1996 18:28:09 -0500
From: Richard Chinn <info@envtechcenter.com>
Subject: Introduction; 1 burning question: What is base saturation?
I would like to introduce myself as a new member of this listserv. My
name is Richard Chinn and I am a Wetland Delineation Trainer, for,
primarily, the Army Corps of Engineers' Wetland Delineation
Certification Program.
Although I have little academic background in soil science (I am a
biologist by education), I have a keen interest in soil science as a
wetland managment practitioner, primarily as it is affected by hydric
conditions. I look forward to picking the brains of other listserv
members, and, I hope, providing something in return.
I would also encourage you to visit our web page which has a more
detailed biography.
BTW, any help (in plain English) on the definition of base saturation?
Sincerely,
Richard
--
Richard Chinn, MS
Certified Wetland Delineator
Certified Environmental Trainer
Environmental Technology Center
8413 Laurel Fair Circle, Suite 200
Tampa, Florida 33610-7355
Ph: (813) 621-8848
Ph: (800) 348-8848
Fax: (813) 621-0153
Web Site: http://envtechcenter.com
E-Mail: info@envtechcenter.com
Date: Tue, 17 Dec 1996 19:15:28 -0800
From: "Warren E. Clark" <ag-pr@agpr.com>
Subject: Job Opening -- Calif. Pest Control Advisor
PEST CONTROL ADVISOR-Growing crop protection services company located in
the Salinas Valley of California wants career oriented individual.
Primary responsibilities include monitoring client fields, providing
pest control recommendations and coordinating pesticide applications
with cultural opperations. Minimum requirements are the B.S. Degree in
agricultural or biological science and a California Pest Control
Advisors License or the ability to obtain. Salary commensurate with
experience.
Send resume to:
Tom Shannon
General Manager
Kleen Globe, Inc.
P.O. Box 1125
Castroville, CA 95012
Tel: (408)633-2043
Fax:(408)633-2185
E-mail: shannon@dedot.com
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Thu Dec 19 04:25 EST 1996
Date: Thu, 19 Dec 1996 03:08:03 -0600
Message-Id: <199612190908.AA10308@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 656
Contents:
Re: liquid fertiliser and soil test kits (sjef@nelson.planet.org.nz)
Re: liquid fertiliser and soil test kits (Dale Softley <ds42355@navix.net>)
Re: Microbial biomass, respiration and qCO2 in soils with low clay (JimDeRe@aol.com)
Oxygen Diffusion Rate (zegwaard@waikato.ac.nz (Karsten Zegwaard))
Army Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineator Certification Program update (Richard Chinn <info@envtechcenter.com>)
Soils-L Archive Web Site Location ("Warren E. Clark" <ag-pr@agpr.com>)
Date: Wed, 18 Dec 1996 22:36:14 +1300
From: sjef@nelson.planet.org.nz
Subject: Re: liquid fertiliser and soil test kits
Max
Can you elaborate on the different "modes of operation" of liqiud, "hybrid"
and solid fertilisers.
Where do these fertilisers fit into the exchange or soil solution theories?
Regards from
Sjef Lamers
209 Whitby Road
Wakefield (Nelson)
New Zealand
Phone/Fax: ++643 541 8176
Email sjef@nelson.planet.org.nz
Date: Wed, 18 Dec 1996 06:26:11 -0800
From: Dale Softley <ds42355@navix.net>
Subject: Re: liquid fertiliser and soil test kits
sjef@nelson.planet.org.nz wrote:
>
> Max
> Can you elaborate on the different "modes of operation" of liqiud, "hybrid"
> and solid fertilisers.
> Where do these fertilisers fit into the exchange or soil solution theories?
> Regards from
>
> Sjef Lamers
> 209 Whitby Road
> Wakefield (Nelson)
> New Zealand
> Phone/Fax: ++643 541 8176
> Email sjef@nelson.planet.org.nzGentlemen,
What N-P-K values are we talking here?
Dale Softley
Date: Wed, 18 Dec 1996 08:45:46 -0500
From: JimDeRe@aol.com
Subject: Re: Microbial biomass, respiration and qCO2 in soils with low clay
I don't know of any specific studies to direct you to, but I'd look for
studies involving USGA golf course putting greens which are typically all
sand. Check with the USGA green section. Also the USGA Turfgrass Information
File at Michigan State University may have what you're looking for.
Date: Thu, 19 Dec 1996 10:57:54 +1200
From: zegwaard@waikato.ac.nz (Karsten Zegwaard)
Subject: Oxygen Diffusion Rate
Currently I am attempting to piece together the methodology for research in
to the area of pugging effects to soil macroporosity and oxygen diffusion
rates.
The oxygen diffusion rates will be determined by the platinum electrode
method, and will be tested at a moisture tension of 1 metre. The platinum
electrode method will be used for simplicity reason and for later testing
and comparisons to be done by the Regional Council of Waikato District, in
New Zealand.
There is much debate on the reliability of the platinum electrode method,
especially in regards of the voltage that should be used. A value between
0.4 and 0.7 volts is often suggested, however each reading at a different
voltage will give different value.
Is there any knowledge out there that is familiar with this method and has
come to some conclusion on what particular voltage is most reliable? I
have a vast collection of references of pros and cons, however I would also
appreciate any further references which might be known.
Thanks in advance,
Karsten
**********************************************************************
Karsten Zegwaard BSc, MSc(Tech) Research Student
Department of Earth Sciences,
The University of Waikato,
Private Bag 3105,
Hamilton, New Zealand.
email: zegwaard@waikato.ac.nz
Ph: (07) 856-2889, Ext. 6183
**********************************************************************
Date: Wed, 18 Dec 1996 17:49:21 -0500
From: Richard Chinn <info@envtechcenter.com>
Subject: Army Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineator Certification Program update
I asked my Congressman to root around and determine the status of the
Army Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineator Certification Program(WDCP)
because publication of the final rule has been forthcoming for several
months.
According to my Congressman's staff, who cited the Liasion between the
Corps and the House of Representatives, the final rule has a budgetary
problem that the Corps has to fix. The Liasion thinks this problem can
be fixed shortly after the holidays and the final rule published in
January or February.
FYI, our web page provides a chronology of the Wetland Delineator
Certification Program.
--
Richard Chinn, MS
Provisionally Certified Wetland Delineator
Certified Environmental Trainer
Environmental Technology Center
8413 Laurel Fair Circle, Suite 200
Tampa, Florida 33610-7355
Ph: (813) 621-8848
Fax: (813) 621-0153
Web Site: http://envtechcenter.com
E-Mail: info@envtechcenter.com
Date: Wed, 18 Dec 1996 19:24:49 -0800
From: "Warren E. Clark" <ag-pr@agpr.com>
Subject: Soils-L Archive Web Site Location
Is there a soils-l archive at a web site location someone might point me
toward?
Warren E. Clark
Clark Consulting International, Inc.
http://www.agpr.com/consulting/maillist.html
Cattle Offerings Worlwide, Inc.
http://www.cattleofferings.com
Association of Agricultural Computing Companies
http://www.agriculture.com/aacc.html
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Fri Dec 20 04:27 EST 1996
Date: Fri, 20 Dec 1996 03:08:57 -0600
Message-Id: <199612200908.AA20956@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 657
Contents:
Re:1 burning question: What is base saturation? (N.Uren@latrobe.edu.au (N.Uren))
Introduction (Said Amali <SaidAmali@kennedyjenks.com>)
Re: liquid fertiliser and soil test kits (Max Turner <M.Turner@massey.ac.nz>)
Re: liquid fertiliser and soil test kits (Max Turner <M.Turner@massey.ac.nz>)
Re: Liquid fertilisers (Max Turner <M.Turner@massey.ac.nz>)
Base saturation, sesquioxides (Richard Chinn <info@envtechcenter.com>)
Sandy clay loams, Silty clay loams, Clay loams (Richard Chinn <info@envtechcenter.com>)
Date: Fri, 20 Dec 1996 10:31:49 +1100 (EST)
From: N.Uren@latrobe.edu.au (N.Uren)
Subject: Re:1 burning question: What is base saturation?
Dear Richard,
You have asked what is base saturation? Recently the soil
chemistry list server carried some discussion on the terms exchangeable
bases and base saturation. I initiated the discussion in the hope that the
next revision of the Glossary of Soil Science Terms - Soil Science Society
of America - would make both these terms obsolete. I am hesitant to renew
the debate here but, since you asked and the question is a common one, I
shall try to answer your question and at the same time explain why I think
that the terms should be made obsolete and to suggest possible
alternatives.
At present if you consult the SSSA glossary (1987 edition) you find
for "exchangeable bases" - see "base saturation percentage". Under the
latter you find "The extent to which the adsorption complex of a soil is
saturated with alkali or alkali earth cations expressed as a percentage of
the cation exchange capacity measured at pH 7.0, which may include acidic
cations such as H+ and Al3+."
As you can see the definition is not very helpful and you may well
ask:"what is the connection between alkali or alkali earth cations, CEC and
base saturation?" The implication is that the cations of Na, K, Mg and Ca
are bases and because they are not then we need to find suitable a
alternative.
Once upon a time, last century in fact, it was believed that, what
we now know as cations, were present as the oxides of Na and K and of Mg
and Ca respectively. When plants were ashed, oxides of these metals were
left behind. These oxides are true bases in that they react with water
(hydrolyse) to form alkaline or basic solutions containing high
concentrations of hydroxyl ions and the cations (unchanged).
Consequently, following the work of Arhenius (late 1800s), Bronsted
and Lowry (1920s),and following the development of the concept of soil pH
and its measurement, the anionic nature of most soil colloids, both organic
and inorganic, and the measuremnt of CEC, the picture has become clearer
and we can now be more confident about what is what and what is not. In
this context we know that the charge on the anionic colloids is satisfied
by exchangeable cations. Some of the cations are acidic namely H+, Al3+,
NH4+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, some are amphoteric, for example hydrolysed species
of Al and CuOH+, and some are pH neutral in the sense that they are neither
acidic nor basic, namely Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+. The latter exchangeable
cations have in the past been referred to as exchangeable bases and more
recently basic exchangeable cations.
To this situation we need to add the fact that as the pH of soil
increases the proportion of the CEC satisfied by exchangeable Na+, K+,
Mg2+ and Ca2+ increases i.e. there is an indirect relationship between
these exchangeable cations and alkalinity. This fact is to some people the
most substantive reason why we should retain the terms exchangeable bases
and base saturation percentage.
The alkalinity arises from the hydrolysis of the anionic colloid
which can be regarded as the conjugate base of a weak acid. A simple
analogy with H2CO3, sparingly soluble CaCO3 and highly soluble Na2CO3 can
be used. The main determinants of the pH of a solution of H2CO3 are the
partial pressure of CO2 and temperature and the solutions are acidic
because of the tendency of the acid to dissociate. At the other extreme,
and in the absence of CO2 to simplify the argument, a saturated solution of
Na2CO3 is 2.7 M and has a pH of about 12.4, the alkalinity arising out of
the hydrolysis of the CO3=: CO3= + H2O = HCO3- + OH-. For CaCO3 the
concentration of a saturated solution is about 7x10-5M and the pH is 10.3
without CO2 and 8.5 at the partial pressures of CO2 in the atmosphere. The
lower pH of the CaCO3 compared with Na2CO3 is due to its lower solubility
or in other words the lower tendency for the Ca2+ to dissociate from the
anion CO3= and thus less OH- are produced. Incidentally if you add a
soluble Ca2+ salt such as calcium chloride to a suspension of CaCO3 then
the pH will decrease which is a funny thing to do if the cation is a true
base which of course it is not.
The alkalinity then, associated with the soils with high
proportions of exchangeable Na, K, Mg, and Ca, is due to the availability
of the insoluble anionic colloid to hydrolyse. So that the pH of homoionic
preparations of montmorillonite increase in the order of Ca2+< Mg2+< K+
Date: Thu, 19 Dec 1996 15:40:00 -0800
From: Said Amali <SaidAmali@kennedyjenks.com>
Subject: Introduction
Hello all
I am a new subscriber to the list and wanted to introduce myself.
I am a soil scientist working for Kennedy/Jenks Consultants in
Sacramento, California.
I do various environmental consulting work for a variety of clients.
These projects
require knowledge and information in various areas related to soils,
soil moisture
and groundwater. My major areas of experience include:
environmental investigations involving fate and mobility of organic and
inorganic pollutants;
environmental remediation in the vadose zone and the groundwater;
human health risk assessment;
modeling of environmental fate and transport processes of various
chemicals
in the vadose and saturated zones in vapor, solute and free-phase forms;
groundwater development;
groundwater quality investigations;
water resources planning; and
agricultural water conservation.
I am glad to be a mamber of this list and hope to contribute to its
discussions.
Said Amali, Ph.D.
Soil Physicist
saidamali@kennedyjenks.com
Date: Fri, 20 Dec 1996 14:19:06 +1300
From: Max Turner <M.Turner@massey.ac.nz>
Subject: Re: liquid fertiliser and soil test kits
At 03:26 AM 18/12/96 -0600, you wrote:
>Max
>Can you elaborate on the different "modes of operation" of liqiud, "hybrid"
>and solid fertilisers.
>Where do these fertilisers fit into the exchange or soil solution theories?
>Regards from
Sjef
It stands to reason that the role of liquid fertilisers must be other than
that of supplying bulk nutrients. So we need to look further than that
superficial assessment of their value to find any solutions.
Not sure what you are driving at with the second part of your question, but
I reiterate that the crude supply of nutrients to a soil is the reason we
traditionally have used solid-based fertilisers. That is the arithmetic of
the situation!
As I imply, liquid fertilisers perform other roles within the plants, and
possibly also the grazing animal.
Hope this helps.
Max
Date: Fri, 20 Dec 1996 14:42:47 +1300
From: Max Turner <M.Turner@massey.ac.nz>
Subject: Re: liquid fertiliser and soil test kits
At 06:15 AM 18/12/96 -0600, you wrote:
>sjef@nelson.planet.org.nz wrote:
>>
>> Max
>> Can you elaborate on the different "modes of operation" of liqiud, "hybrid"
>> and solid fertilisers.
>> Where do these fertilisers fit into the exchange or soil solution theories?
>> Regards from
...deleted
>What N-P-K values are we talking here?
>Dale Softley
Dale
Normal N-P-K (elemental) ratios for the common liquid concentrates sold in
NZ run around 5-10% for most of the products. When you calculate the actual
amounts of nutrients added at best they come to a few kg/ha. So it would be
hard to envisage how this small amount of NPK input could be the total
answer; although there is a possible efficiency advantage in uptake via the
foliage as against soil application; and there is the possible effect of a
small amount, added at a critical growth stage, to consider...
Max
Date: Fri, 20 Dec 1996 15:01:10 +1300
From: Max Turner <M.Turner@massey.ac.nz>
Subject: Re: Liquid fertilisers
At 03:56 PM 17/12/96 -0600, you wrote:
>I wish to present the scientific evidence from New Zealand, much of
>which I was personally involved in establishing.
>
>In the 1980's we conducted field trials on pasture, wheat and barley
>with a liquid seaweed extract "Maxicrop Farm Concentrate (R)" which
>was marketed in New Zealand for application to pastures and crops.
>Maxicrop Farm Concentrate did not have any added NPK. The results
>were the subject of a major litigation, including international expert
>opinion. The judge concluded that "Maxicrop does not work".
>
>Maxicrop Farm Concentrate was tested over a period of 3 years in a
>grazing trial covering 3 sites in Southland, New Zealand. Maxicrop
>was applied at the recommended application rate of 4 to 5 l/ha each
>spring and autumn. Pasture production was measured continuously,
>while lamb growth rates and pasture quality were measured over a 14
>week period in the summer of each year. Botanical composition,
>herbage mineral content and in vitro digestibility were assessed.
>Maxicrop had no consistent effect on any parameter measured. Overall
>the confidence intervals for both animal and pasture production
>responses had narrow bounds and were centred close to zero. A
>significant site by treatment interaction for lamb liveweight gain was
>not supported by the results for pasture production or quality. It
>was concluded that the use of Maxicrop on pasture had no beneficial
>effect of practical or economic consequence.
>
>Similarly from the seven wheat and barley trials it was concluded that
>Maxicrop had no consistent effects on grain yields with confidence
>intervals centred close to zero.
>
>In a series of field trials near Hamilton, New Zealand the effects of
>4 liquid fertilisers were examined over 2 years. Results were reported
>in Feyter et al (1989) Effects of liquid and low analysis fertilisers
>on pasture and animal production. Proceedings of the New Zealand
>Grassland Association 50: 139-144.
>
>The liquid fertilisers were the seaweed extract Maxicrop(R), the
>seaweed extract with added nutrients Response(R), the biological
>supplement N-Fix(R), and the fish extract Plant Plasma(R). None of
>the liquid fertilisers applied at recommended rates significantly
>affected total pasture production over the trial periods. Plant
>Plasma, applied at 10 times the recommended rate, boosted pasture
>production in the first harvest after each application, as did Plant
>Plasma at the normal rate after one of the applications. Over the
>trial period Plant Plasma at 10 times the recommended rate produced
>significantly less than the equivalent quantity of nutrients applied
>as solid fertiliser. In a grazing trial Response Extra(R) had no
>significant effects on any of 8 measures of animal performance, or on
>pasture production in that trial or in an associated small plot trial.
>
>Results of the New Zealand experiments were consistant with summaries
>of international trials with seaweed and fish extracts which concluded
>that such materials have no consistent effects of practical benefit on
>pasture and crop production. Over all the experiments summarised
>there were approximately 5% statistically significant effects, both
>positive and negative. This is the same proportion of statistically
>significant effects as would be expected for statistical Type 1 Errors
>ie. the null hypothesis is rejected when the null hypothesis is true.
>
Alistair
Perhaps the judge was wrong! In quoting all those trials above can you
confirm whether, and how much of it has actually been published (ie in peer
reviewed, preferably international journals; not proceedings of any local
conferences)? If not, then it really doesn't exist.
Having read many excerpts from the "Maxicrop" case I am of the opinion that
there were some disturbing features about the whole affair; from start to
finish. So I suggest that it would be best not to rehash that unfortunate
event at this particular time, and on this forum.
According to my information, Maxicrop International, (whose product has been
mentioned above) is alive and well; still selling product and starting to
publish results of its latest research findings through the international
journals. That will be interesting to follow.
Max
Date: Thu, 19 Dec 1996 21:39:20 -0500
From: Richard Chinn <info@envtechcenter.com>
Subject: Base saturation, sesquioxides
Dear Dr. Uren,
Thank you for the discourse on the (apparently) inappropriate
terminology of base saturation. Unfortunately, for me, my background is
in biology and I am by vocation, a practitioner of wetlands.
Therefore, I do not fully comprehend what you said.
>From a pragmatic standpoint, one of my needs for the definition of base
saturation is to be able to separate mollic epipedons (with high base
saturation) from umbric epipedons (with low base saturation).
>From what I can deduce, umbric epipedons have less cations present.
Would that also suggest that they have a higher clay content? (I
thought a high CEC suggested a high clay content.)
By the way, I just remembered a second burning question: what are
sesquioxides?
Thanks for assisting the soil-challenged.
Richard
--
Richard Chinn, MS
Certified Wetland Delineator
Certified Environmental Trainer
Environmental Technology Center
8413 Laurel Fair Circle, Suite 200
Tampa, Florida 33610-7355
Ph: (813) 621-8848
Ph: (800) 348-8848
Fax: (813) 621-0153
Web Site: http://envtechcenter.com
E-Mail: info@envtechcenter.com
Date: Thu, 19 Dec 1996 21:46:22 -0500
From: Richard Chinn <info@envtechcenter.com>
Subject: Sandy clay loams, Silty clay loams, Clay loams
As an Army Corps of Engineers' Wetland Delineation instructor, I discuss
soil texture to my trainees. One of the slides produced by the Corps
lists soil textures and lists sandy clay loams, clay loams and silty
clay loams in that order from fine to coarser. Of the three clay
loams, I thought sandy clay loams were the coarsest, followed by silty
clay loams and clay loams. Is the Corps wrong or am I?
Thanks in advance for assisting the soils-challenged.
Richard
--
Richard Chinn, MS
Certified Wetland Delineator
Certified Environmental Trainer
Environmental Technology Center
8413 Laurel Fair Circle, Suite 200
Tampa, Florida 33610-7355
Ph: (813) 621-8848
Ph: (800) 348-8848
Fax: (813) 621-0153
Web Site: http://envtechcenter.com
E-Mail: info@envtechcenter.com
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sat Dec 21 05:18 EST 1996
Date: Sat, 21 Dec 1996 03:09:07 -0600
Message-Id: <199612210909.AA18161@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 658
Contents:
Re: Sandy clay loams, Silty clay loams, Clay loams (Steve Feldman <tenko@mail.vt.edu>)
Soil science qualifications for wetland delineator trainers (Richard Chinn <info@envtechcenter.com>)
Re: Soil science qualifications for wetland delineator trainers (Ralph Anderson <cnty4093@unlvm.unl.edu>)
Acid Base Titrations on a clay soil ("Elaine MacDonald" <emacdo@PO-Box.McGill.CA>)
Re: Sandy clay loams, Silty clay loams, Clay loams -Reply (Paul Reynolds <PREYNOLD@tnrcc.state.tx.us>)
X (Spielmops@aol.com)
Date: Fri, 20 Dec 1996 09:34:08 -0500
From: Steve Feldman <tenko@mail.vt.edu>
Subject: Re: Sandy clay loams, Silty clay loams, Clay loams
At 08:43 PM 12/19/96 -0600, you wrote:
>As an Army Corps of Engineers' Wetland Delineation instructor ....[snip]
>
>Thanks in advance for assisting the soils-challenged.
>
>Richard
Richard,
In the example you describe, higher sand content = coarser texture;
therefore, sandy clay loam is coarser than clay loam is coarser than silty
clay loam. Look at the sand content scale on a USDA soil textural triangle,
and it should be clear.
Also, from your previous post: sesquioxides are, in effect, the Fe(Al)
oxides, hydroxides, or oxyhydroxides that typically form as secondary
products after primary mineral weathering in soils. They are largely
responsible for imparting much of the color to soils (e.g., hematite:red,
goethite:yellowish-brown; lepidocrocite:yellowish-red, etc.). It is in
large measure the sesquioxides that undergo redox reactions in wet soils to
give you the mottled appearance (via either reduced Fe, or areas of stripped
Fe). Other factors enter into the equation as well.
Now, I have a question for you, and I'll phrase this as diplomatically as I
can:
Given the considerable controversy surrounding wetlands during the last ~10
years, and particularly because most currently applicable definitions of
wetlands involves hydrology, plants, AND soils, do you think that people
such as yourself who are involved with training and certifying others for
wetland delineation should have a more adequate working knowledge of soil
properties and processes? i.e., Shouldn't they at the very least NOT feel
as if they were 'soils-challenged'?
I mean no disrespect to you personally, and I certainly don't want to
discourage you from posting to this list - but I think my question is a
valid one.
Regards,
Steve Feldman
*************************************************************
Steven B. Feldman, Ph.D.
Dept. of Crop & Soil Environmental Sciences
351-B Smyth Hall
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0404
(540)231-9793
*************************************************************
Date: Fri, 20 Dec 1996 11:01:24 -0500
From: Richard Chinn <info@envtechcenter.com>
Subject: Soil science qualifications for wetland delineator trainers
Dr. Feldman,
Despite your statements otherwise, you have challenged my skills and
credentials as a wetland delineator and I feel compelled to respond.
1. Hydric soil determination is 1 of the 3 criteria required to be a
wetland, as you mentioned. It carries no more or less weight than the
other two. Being a soil scientist (which I am not) has no more
advantage than being a plant biologist (which I am).
2. Hydric soils are identified on the basis of physical features. To
delineate wetlands and train wetland delineators, an understanding of
redoximorphic features is necessary, but a Ph.D. in soil science is not.
The relevance of the questions I posed are more for my satisfaction than
as relevant indicators of wetland determination; the ability to define
"sesquioxides" is of no relevance. In fact, the term is not used in the
Army Corps of Engineers wetland delineation manual.
3. Wetland delineation training requires a knowledge of hydric soil,
hydrology and hydrophytic vegetation, but also an understanding of the
regulations, practical knowledge of how wetland delineations are
performed and a dialogue with regulatory staff (i.e., Army Corps of
Engineers, state, and local staff). Very few of the field regulatory
staff are highly trained soil scientists like yourself. Most are like
myself, persons with a practical knowledge of hydric soils conditions
and knowledgeable in the regulatory definitions of wetlands.
4. I use the term "soils-challenged" because my knowledge is not as
robust as I would like. However, I believe that I have a
more-than-sufficient knowledge of the regulatory requirements of hydric
soil determinations. By the way, I passed the Corps' written test on
hydric soil determination.
5. I have trained 400+ persons in ACOE Wetland Delineation protocol.
Some of these persons have been Ph.D. degreed soil scientists. Others
have been Ph.D. degreed geologists and others have been Ph.D.
biologists.
6. Of the several hundred wetland delineations I have performed as a
wetland practitioner, only minor adjustments have ever been necessitated
by the Army Corps of Engineers and the vast majority have been accepted
with no modification.
7. I posted a question to an ecology listserv on the role of alcohol
dehydrogenase in hydrophytic vegetation because the Corps' rationale
seemed illogical to me. Although I got several responses, no one
implied that I was unqualified to be a wetland delineator trainer.
Finally, I joined this listserv to gain information and, hopefully, to
provide information on environmental applications. I am an
environmental professional; I am not an academic. This listserv may be
inappropriate for me (and others like me). I would appreciate feedback
from other listserv members as to whether I joined this listserv in
error and if my topics are inappropriate to this other listserv.
(By the way, if anyone wants to know what the role of ADH in anaerobic
plant metabolism is, I will be glad to explain it [in non-academic
terms].)
Sincerely,
Richard Chinn
--
Richard Chinn, MS
Certified Wetland Delineator
Certified Environmental Trainer
Environmental Technology Center
8413 Laurel Fair Circle, Suite 200
Tampa, Florida 33610-7355
Ph: (813) 621-8848
Ph: (800) 348-8848
Fax: (813) 621-0153
Web Site: http://envtechcenter.com
E-Mail: info@envtechcenter.com
Date: Fri, 20 Dec 1996 10:48:12 -0600
From: Ralph Anderson <cnty4093@unlvm.unl.edu>
Subject: Re: Soil science qualifications for wetland delineator trainers
At 10:11 AM 12/20/96 -0600, you wrote:
>Dr. Feldman,
>
>Despite your statements otherwise, you have challenged my skills and
>credentials as a wetland delineator and I feel compelled to respond.
This listserv may be inappropriate for me (and others like me). I would
appreciate feedback from other listserv members as to whether I joined this
listserv in
>error and if my topics are inappropriate to this other listserv.
This discussion has become non-productive in tone although much of
the conten is very interesting. I welcome your contiued participation.
Ralph Anderson
Extension Educator
1400 E 34
Kearney NE 68847
Ph (308) 236-1235 Fax (308) 236 6319
E-Mail cnty4093@unlvm.unl.edu
Date: Fri, 20 Dec 1996 13:15:14 -0500
From: "Elaine MacDonald" <emacdo@PO-Box.McGill.CA>
Subject: Acid Base Titrations on a clay soil
Please excuse any cross posting.
I wish to examine the electrochemical properties of a clay soil
(predominately permanent charged illite) which contains small quantities of
carbonates, oxides and natural organic matter. However after reviewing some
literature on the subject I have several unanswered questions, any help
would be appreciated.
I am aware of the potentiometric titration techniques used predominately on
oxides to determine electrochemical properties such as IEP, PZC and surface
charge, but would a similar technique work in such a complicated system as
mine? I know my system is predominately permanently charged but I would
like to do this experiment to quantify any variable charge, if present.
Obviously the potential determining ions in my system are not limited to
OH- and H+ as in an oxide system. One option I am considered is extracting
the carbonates, oxides and natural organic matter from the soil prior to
performing the titration - in other words simplifying the system - does
this make sense? Of course then I am no longer studying the same soil, I
realize that, but at least I could isolate the clay minerals and, yes, I am
aware of the limitations of extraction procedures such as limited
selectivity. I also noticed in the literature that these titrations are
typically performed in a nitrogen atmosphere, I assume to control redox
conditions. Would such a step be necessary in my case given that my soil is
not particularly redox sensitive when compared to a pure oxide? If I leave
the carbonates in the soil perhaps it is better if I do the titration under
atmospheric conditions (in the presence of atmospheric CO2)? I also thought
it would probably be wise to prepare the soil in a homoionic manner prior
to titration, any thoughts?
Sorry for inundating the members of this list with questions but the
discussion I have viewed on this list thus far indicates I may be able to
get some help here.
I guess I should introduce myself, I am a Ph.D. student in the Department
of Civil Engineering at McGill University in wintry Montreal. My background
is in Geotechnical Engineering although I like to think of myself as an
aspiring soil chemist who could apply her skills in the realm of
geoenvironmental engineering one day. My present research involves the
retention of Pb and Cu by soil fractions (as in those I mentioned above).
Thanks and happy holidays to all.
Sincerely,
Elaine MacDonald
Ph.D. Candidate
McGill University
Date: Fri, 20 Dec 1996 14:52:10 -0600
From: Paul Reynolds <PREYNOLD@tnrcc.state.tx.us>
Subject: Re: Sandy clay loams, Silty clay loams, Clay loams -Reply
With NO disrespect to you or anyone else, my personal opinion is that
you would be hard pressed to find an individual versed and
knowledgeable in all the biological, physical and mechanical intricacies
of a wetland ecosystem. I personally don't care who, what, when or
where a training session comes from, just as long as I have an overall
understanding of the system and the intricacies involved.
Mr. Chinn has already been a source of information for me on a couple
of issues. I would encourage other individuals, that may be on the
fringe of this list, to join, and hopefully to allow all of us to experiece
different subjects directly or indirectly related to this server.
thanks,
Paul Reynolds
Agronomist
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission
Date: Fri, 20 Dec 1996 17:21:48 -0500
From: Spielmops@aol.com
Subject: X
UNSUBSCRIBE SOILS-L
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sun Dec 22 04:22 EST 1996
Date: Sun, 22 Dec 1996 03:09:35 -0600
Message-Id: <199612220909.AA00783@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 659
Contents:
Re: Liquid fertilisers (PEATCONS@aol.com)
Re: X (DMorava@aol.com)
. (Jimmywhyt@aol.com)
Date: Sat, 21 Dec 1996 11:03:29 -0500
From: PEATCONS@aol.com
Subject: Re: Liquid fertilisers
Hello, I am a US fertiliZer chemist (25 years). We do indeed use many
thousands of tons of liquid fertilizers here. They take the forms of N
(UAN-32), N & P (10-34-0), also very popular is CAN-17, a 17% N and 8%
Calcium product. Also very popular are soil treatments such as Urea-Sulfuric
Acid 15-0-0-49%S for soil acidification, water penetration and drip
irrigation cleaning. These different products are used and blended in myriad
combinations. The handling and storage of liquids can pose different problems
than dry materials, but application can be very simple. Very often we
irrigate with surface water and will drip or pump the fertilizer into this
water as it enters a field. The liquidity of the system also allows the
application of other agents with the fertilizer. Many micronutrient elements
are added as both soil applied and foliarly fed additions. Quite often
insecticide or fungicide sprays are combined with nutrients. There is even a
quite common practice in the non-irrigated wheat growing regions of applying
selective herbicides with liquid 32% nitrogen by aerial application to
minimize flight and/or tractor time in the fields.
On the subject of the low volume catalyzing type of products such as the
kelp, humic acid and cytokinen type products, it is still unproven whether
they; 1) work at all in a universal application, 2) are actually nutrient
sources rather than growth regulators, 3) complex added micronutrients to
enhance uptake. The state of California is very active in the regulation of
all agriculturally active chemicals, but has chosen not to address these
products or allow unproven claims about their effectiveness on labels.
Yes, Foliar application does work. This is becoming more popular for its
rapid ability to counteract a deficiency and to be co-applied with other
sprays especially in vegetable and orchard crops.
This could go on for days, but I am interested in hearing your thoughts on
this.
John Peterson, Chemist/Lab Manager, GTF Labs, Inc. Fresno, CA
Date: Sat, 21 Dec 1996 19:51:03 -0500
From: DMorava@aol.com
Subject: Re: X
please unsubscribe until further notice
Date: Sat, 21 Dec 1996 21:03:59 -0500
From: Jimmywhyt@aol.com
Subject: .
unsubscribe
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Mon Dec 23 04:23 EST 1996
Date: Mon, 23 Dec 1996 03:09:48 -0600
Message-Id: <199612230909.AA14652@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 660
Contents:
X - Reply ("FOX, VANESSA" <FOXV@wpo.gns.cri.nz>)
Date: Mon, 23 Dec 1996 9:18:40 +1200
From: "FOX, VANESSA" <FOXV@wpo.gns.cri.nz>
Subject: X - Reply
unsubscribe
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Tue Dec 24 04:24 EST 1996
Date: Tue, 24 Dec 1996 03:10:44 -0600
Message-Id: <199612240910.AA01672@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 661
Contents:
Re: Liquid fertilisers ("Metherell, Alister" <metherea@tui.lincoln.ac.nz>)
Date: Tue, 24 Dec 1996 10:25:52 +1300
From: "Metherell, Alister" <metherea@tui.lincoln.ac.nz>
Subject: Re: Liquid fertilisers
On Wed, 18 Dec 1996 I wrote:
>>I wish to present the scientific evidence from New Zealand, much of
>>which I was personally involved in establishing.
>>
>>In the 1980's we conducted field trials on pasture, wheat and barley
>>with a liquid seaweed extract "Maxicrop Farm Concentrate (R)" which
>>was marketed in New Zealand for application to pastures and crops.
>>Maxicrop Farm Concentrate did not have any added NPK. The results
>>were the subject of a major litigation, including international
>>expert opinion. The judge concluded that "Maxicrop does not work".
>>
...deleted...
>>
>>In a series of field trials near Hamilton, New Zealand the effects of
>>4 liquid fertilisers were examined over 2 years. Results were
>>reported in Feyter et al (1989) Effects of liquid and low analysis
>>fertilisers on pasture and animal production. Proceedings of the New
>>Zealand Grassland Association 50: 139-144.
...deleted...
>>
>>Results of the New Zealand experiments were consistant with summaries
>>of international trials with seaweed and fish extracts which
>>concluded that such materials have no consistent effects of practical
>>benefit on pasture and crop production. Over all the experiments
>>summarised there were approximately 5% statistically significant
>>effects, both positive and negative. This is the same proportion of
>>statistically significant effects as would be expected for
>>statistical Type 1 Errors ie. the null hypothesis is rejected when
>>the null hypothesis is true.
>>
On Fri, 20 Dec 1996
Max Turner <M.Turner@massey.ac.nz>
replied:
>Subject: Re: Liquid fertilisers
>Perhaps the judge was wrong! In quoting all those trials above can you
>confirm whether, and how much of it has actually been published (ie in
>peer reviewed, preferably international journals; not proceedings of
>any local conferences)? If not, then it really doesn't exist.
>
>Having read many excerpts from the "Maxicrop" case I am of the opinion
>that there were some disturbing features about the whole affair; from
>start to finish. So I suggest that it would be best not to rehash that
>unfortunate event at this particular time, and on this forum.
...deleted...
The experiments and results presented in court in the "Maxicrop"
case were subject to a far more rigorous review by scientists,
statisticians and lawyers than would be the case for any peer
reviewed journal paper.
The judges conclusion that Maxicrop did not work was based on the
physiological evidence of the products composition and whether this
could affect plant growth at the recommended application rates of
4-5 litres/ha. The conclusion from the physiological evidence that
a seaweed extract applied at these rates could not work was fully
supported by the worldwide field trial evidence from 142 trials on
Maxicrop and 218 trials on other products based on seaweed extract.
Most of the experiments with seaweed products conducted in the U.K.,
Australia, South Africa, U.S.A and New Zealand have been published in
international journals or in experiment station reports. Given the
continuing debate on this topic it is our intention to fully publish
the international summary of these experiments and the results our
experiments with Maxicrop on pasture and animal production.
Alister Metherell
AgResearch
Lincoln
New Zealand
email: metherea@lincoln.ac.nz
*******************************************************************
* *
* Alister Metherell email METHEREA@LINCOLN.AC.NZ *
* AgResearch *
* C/o Soil Science Department phone (direct dial in) *
* P.O. Box 84 64-3-325 3888 *
* Lincoln University phone (via operator) *
* New Zealand 64-3-325 2811 ext 7888 *
* fax 64-3-325 3607 *
*******************************************************************
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Wed Dec 25 04:24 EST 1996
Date: Wed, 25 Dec 1996 03:10:52 -0600
Message-Id: <199612250910.AA13944@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 662
Contents:
Re: Sandy clay loams, Silty clay loams, Clay loams (Maribeth Milner <milner@ames.net>)
Date: Tue, 24 Dec 1996 10:50:51 -0600
From: Maribeth Milner <milner@ames.net>
Subject: Re: Sandy clay loams, Silty clay loams, Clay loams
Steve Feldman wrote:
>Also, from your previous post: sesquioxides are, in effect, the Fe(Al)
>oxides, hydroxides, or oxyhydroxides that typically form as secondary
>products after primary mineral weathering in soils. They are largely
>responsible for imparting much of the color to soils (e.g., hematite:red,
>goethite:yellowish-brown; lepidocrocite:yellowish-red, etc.).
A slight diversion/question from this thread... I mapped soils in the
Ozarks last spring/summer - quite a change from the soils I "learned on" in
Wisconsin.
Pinnacles of dolomite occasionally intruded into an otherwise much weathered
surface. We looked for "yellow greasy" clays as indicators of close
pinnacles with accompanying high bases that were needed to classify the
soils as alfisols (as opposed to ultisols). They were truly amazing. When
the soils started to dry down in June one normally had to use a 3-5# hammer
to drive in a tile probe. But in the "greasy" clays, one could push the tile
probe down to the handles without difficulty - even in June. These high
base smectites held water well.
Now, my question.... I was told that the more crystalline dolomites
weathered into different mineralogy clays than the muddy dolomites. The red
clays could be either kaolinitic or smectitic while the yellow clays were
smectitic. Any amplification?
Maribeth
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Thu Dec 26 10:11 EST 1996
Date: Thu, 26 Dec 1996 08:57:27 -0600
Message-Id: <199612261457.AA23272@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 663
Contents:
Introduction (Phil Bunch <pbunch@cts.com>)
Date: Thu, 26 Dec 1996 06:28:01 -0800
From: Phil Bunch <pbunch@cts.com>
Subject: Introduction
My name is Phil Bunch and I am the Principal Biologist for Tetra Tech,
Inc's San Diego area office. I am involved in environmental
documentation, permiting and other biological concerns. My background
is in botany and vegetation ecology. My interest in soils stems from my
work with revegetation projects, wetland delineation efforts and a deep
interest in how vegetation fits into landscapes. I hope I can
contribute to this list. I'm game to try!
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Fri Dec 27 10:11 EST 1996
Date: Fri, 27 Dec 1996 08:57:53 -0600
Message-Id: <199612271457.AA11737@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 664
Contents:
Soil Compaction (Phil Bunch <pbunch@cts.com>)
Date: Thu, 26 Dec 1996 06:38:35 -0800
From: Phil Bunch <pbunch@cts.com>
Subject: Soil Compaction
I am working on an analysis of a riparian revegetation project that has
not established well. One of the potential issues is soil compaction
efforts conducted prior to planting.
The soils are sands, silty sands and these types with various mixtures
of gravel. The soils were compacted to 80% to 85% of maximum dry
density at optimum moisture in the planting area and to greater than 90%
is some other areas. The question is, how do these percentages compare
with "natural" dry densities that may occur in these kinds of soils on
floodplains? Also would the 90% compaction tend to restrict root growth
or adversely affect the movement of groundwater or capillary water?
Thanks, Phil Bunch
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sat Dec 28 10:12 EST 1996
Date: Sat, 28 Dec 1996 08:59:01 -0600
Message-Id: <199612281459.AA27182@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 665
Contents:
(Martin Ferwerda <mferwerd@wyoming.com>)
Date: Sat, 28 Dec 1996 07:59:06 -0700
From: Martin Ferwerda <mferwerd@wyoming.com>
Subject:
Hello, I'm new to the listserv, so by way of introduction - my name is
Martin Ferwerda, I'm presently working for the forest service. We are
finishing up what the forest service calls and "Ecological Unit Inventory"
(mapping soils and potential natural vegetation - (order 3)) in the Wind
River Mountians in Wyoming. I have a question I would like to ask for a
friend. He is starting a project using GIS and remote sensing to model
beetle populations in the azores. One of the characteristics he is
interested in is relationships between solar radiation and soil temperature.
It's hard to do find any kind of research material here in Pinedale, WY. If
anyone knows of any sources for information on this topic, it would be
greatly appreciated. Thanks.
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sun Dec 29 10:13 EST 1996
Date: Sun, 29 Dec 1996 08:59:41 -0600
Message-Id: <199612291459.AA05314@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 666
Contents:
Re: (Steve Feldman <tenko@mail.vt.edu>)
Fertility and pH? (Kathryn Watts <kwatts@rmi.net>)
Relating soil T to weather variables (Graeme D Buchan <BUCHAN@tui.lincoln.ac.nz>)
Date: Sat, 28 Dec 1996 11:02:14 -0500
From: Steve Feldman <tenko@mail.vt.edu>
Subject: Re:
At 08:58 AM 12/28/96 -0600, you wrote:
>Hello, I'm new to the listserv, so by way of introduction - my name is
>Martin Ferwerda, I'm presently working for the forest service. We are
>finishing up what the forest service calls and "Ecological Unit Inventory"
>(mapping soils and potential natural vegetation - (order 3)) in the Wind
>River Mountians in Wyoming. I have a question I would like to ask for a
>friend. He is starting a project using GIS and remote sensing to model
>beetle populations in the azores. One of the characteristics he is
>interested in is relationships between solar radiation and soil temperature.
>It's hard to do find any kind of research material here in Pinedale, WY. If
>anyone knows of any sources for information on this topic, it would be
>greatly appreciated. Thanks.
>
>
Try doing your search on 'slope aspect effects' on ... e.g., pedogenesis,
organic C cycling, water availability ... whatever you're interested in.
Check the Soil Science Society of America Journal (annual December issue for
a subject index) for starters, or search databases of agricultural or
geological abstracts. You should find a wealth of info.
Steve Feldman
*************************************************************
Steven B. Feldman, Ph.D.
Dept. of Crop & Soil Environmental Sciences
351-B Smyth Hall
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0404
(540)231-9793
*************************************************************
Date: Sat, 28 Dec 1996 09:37:26 -0700
From: Kathryn Watts <kwatts@rmi.net>
Subject: Fertility and pH?
My name is Katy Watts and I am in a high alpline valley in southern
Colorado. I can offer the soil-l group expertise regarding research done
under GLP guidelines and production of potatos. As I was educated at
Mich State, I feel there are some holes in my education regarding
fertilizer and ammendments in sodic, calcarious, alkaline soils.
I would appreciate correspondance with someone who feels competent in
this area. Specifically, even if K levels show high on a test(
500ppm+), why do we still feel we are getting a response from
additions? If lime = none or low, should we use gypsum instead of
sulfur products on sodic soils? What are the consequences of
bicarbonates in irrigation water?
Thanks,
Katy Watts
kwatts@rmi.net
Date: Sun, 29 Dec 1996 12:03:10 +1300
From: Graeme D Buchan <BUCHAN@tui.lincoln.ac.nz>
Subject: Relating soil T to weather variables
Greetings from NZ.
I have done considerable research into soil temperature (T) over the
years, but am unaware of any studies which relate soil T directly to
solar radiation (Rs).
Some empirical studies have used air T as the predictor variable, and
air T variations are of course driven in part by solar radiation.
Indeed one would expect soil T to be better coupled to air T than
to Rs, since the fraction of solar radiation reaching and absorbed by
the soil surface, and available to drive soil T variation, will vary
immensely with surface cover, e.g. bare soil (100% penetration) to
thick vegetation (little penetration).
If soil T is to be related to any component of radiation, it would be
best to choose net radiation _at_ the soil surface, which is difficult
to either model or measure under vegetation.
An example of a study for grassland is Parton 1984 `Predicting soil
temperatures in a short grass steppe'. Soil Science 138(2): 93-101
This study relates soil and air T.
Empirical relationships will of course depend on type and
characteristics of the surface cover.
Graeme Buchan
****************************************************************
> Date sent: Sat, 28 Dec 1996 08:53:04 -0600
> From: Martin Ferwerda <mferwerd@wyoming.com>
> To: Multiple recipients of list <soils-l@unl.edu>
> Send reply to: soils-l@unl.edu
> Hello, I'm new to the listserv, so by way of introduction - my name is
> Martin Ferwerda, I'm presently working for the forest service. We are
> finishing up what the forest service calls and "Ecological Unit Inventory"
> (mapping soils and potential natural vegetation - (order 3)) in the Wind
> River Mountians in Wyoming. I have a question I would like to ask for a
> friend. He is starting a project using GIS and remote sensing to model
> beetle populations in the azores. One of the characteristics he is
> interested in is relationships between solar radiation and soil temperature.
> It's hard to do find any kind of research material here in Pinedale, WY. If
> anyone knows of any sources for information on this topic, it would be
> greatly appreciated. Thanks.
>
> **********************************************************
Dr Graeme D Buchan,
Reader in Environmental Physics & Environmental Education,
Dept. of Soil Science, PO Box 84, Lincoln University,
Canterbury, New Zealand
(Citizen of Scotland and NZ)
email: Buchan@Lincoln.ac.nz
Tel. (64) 3 3252 811 Fax (64) 3 3253 607
**********************************************************
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Mon Dec 30 10:15 EST 1996
Date: Mon, 30 Dec 1996 09:00:24 -0600
Message-Id: <199612301500.AA13259@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 667
Contents:
Re: soil temps (TYHOLMES@aol.com)
unsubscribe (Ckronberg@aol.com)
Date: Sun, 29 Dec 1996 12:53:43 -0500
From: TYHOLMES@aol.com
Subject: Re: soil temps
You may be interested in the following (and references therein):
Luo Y, Loomis RS, Hsiao TC. 1992. Simulation of soil temperatures in crops.
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 61: 23-28.
Tyson Holmes
Research-Design Consultant
Date: Sun, 29 Dec 1996 17:47:53 -0500
From: Ckronberg@aol.com
Subject: unsubscribe
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Tue Dec 31 10:15 EST 1996
Date: Tue, 31 Dec 1996 09:00:55 -0600
Message-Id: <199612311500.AA25633@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: SOILS-L digest 668
Contents:
unsubscribe (Spielmops@aol.com)
Date: Mon, 30 Dec 1996 19:21:01 -0500
From: Spielmops@aol.com
Subject: unsubscribe
unsubscribe soils-l
End of Digest
Prepared by Steve Modena, AB4EL
Suggestions and comments to: modena@SunSITE.unc.edu