TRICKLE-L: 199611XX
is the compilation of discussion during Nov 96
via AB4EL Web Digests @ SunSITE
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Fri Nov 1 17:12 EST 1996
Date: Fri, 1 Nov 1996 16:00:19 -0600
Message-Id: <199611012200.AA03589@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 636
Contents:
Re: organic fertilizers through drip (ARON QUIST <stanworth@mail.telis.org>)
Date: Fri, 1 Nov 1996 13:44:13 -0800 (PST)
From: ARON QUIST <stanworth@mail.telis.org>
Subject: Re: organic fertilizers through drip
Dave and Trickle-l: Thank you for the referral, I found another company out of Gilbert Arizona. They have 5 products that are CCOF certified organic. This includes grades such as 9-4-1 and 8-4-4, impressively high numbers for organic materials.
If you want their number please let me know. Oh what the heck- the company is called Live Earth, contact Dean Mikesell at 602-655-1412.
Thanks, ARon
At 09:50 PM 10/30/96 -0600, you wrote:
>One of my clients have extensive background in applying organic fertilizers
>through
>T-Tape in greenhouse and field crops (vegetables). I could give the
>information to you second hand, but it would probably be better for you to
>talk to them directly. Call for Mike or Eric Kautz @ 308-436-5634. I am an
>SDI and an SA design engineer. I specialize in subaeration of soils in
>conjunctiion with subirrigation.
>
>Dave Enyeart
>GroAire@aol.com
>303-650-0472
>
>
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sat Nov 2 17:13 EST 1996
Date: Sat, 2 Nov 1996 16:00:37 -0600
Message-Id: <199611022200.AA17587@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 637
Contents:
sodium hexa meta phosphate (ARON QUIST <stanworth@MAIL.TELIS.ORG>)
Re: unsubscribe (htec@pacifier.com (Dale Kidwell))
Re: recycling poly tube (EVALOV@aol.com)
Date: Fri, 1 Nov 1996 13:51:19 -0800 (PST)
From: ARON QUIST <stanworth@MAIL.TELIS.ORG>
Subject: sodium hexa meta phosphate
dear trickle-l:
I found a source for the sodium hexa meta phosphate SW chemical in El Centro CA. It is neither efficacious nor cost effective for use with ammonia applications to reduce volatilization or scale ppt in open or closed irrigation systems.
Aron Quist
Date: Fri, 01 Nov 1996 15:18:30 -0800
From: htec@pacifier.com (Dale Kidwell)
Subject: Re: unsubscribe
>
>unsubscribe
>
>
>
>
Date: Fri, 1 Nov 1996 21:49:20 -0500
From: EVALOV@aol.com
Subject: Re: recycling poly tube
Yes, I have found someone in the LA & SF area that takes it, usually you
load and they haul it off. I Think they make shrink wrap or something out of
it. I haven't used them for a year or so, I will have to do some digging to
turn up the name.
evalov
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sun Nov 3 17:14 EST 1996
Date: Sun, 3 Nov 1996 16:02:06 -0600
Message-Id: <199611032202.AA26472@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 638
Contents:
Re: (Rodney Ruskin <geoflow1@slip.net>)
Re: (Steve Jordan <11062@utech.net>)
Date: Sat, 02 Nov 1996 17:51:07 -0800
From: Rodney Ruskin <geoflow1@slip.net>
Subject: Re:
At 09:11 PM 10/27/96 -0600, Manrique Brenes wrote:
>I have been looking for the quality standards for waste water reuse in =
>irrigation in California. The information that I have found does not =
>include subsurface drip irrigation for landscape as a category. However =
>almost 20% of the current reuse in the state is listed as landscape =
>irrigation.
>Can anyone point me in the right direction to see if California (or any =
>other state in the US) is developing (or has developed) such standard?
>
Wastewater reuse and wastewater disposal are somewhat different subjects.
There are several standards for disposal by SDI but to the best of my
knowledge none for reuse.
SDI reuse with secondary treated water is usually allowed even in
Californian where tertiary treatment (title 22) is in the regulations. This,
to the best of my knowledge, and the company I work with has supplied
product to a few such projects, is always be exception.
This is a gap in the regulations that needs to be filled.
Rodney Ruskin
geoflow1@slip.net
Date: Sun, 03 Nov 1996 14:06:29 -0800
From: Steve Jordan <11062@utech.net>
Subject: Re:
>>I have been looking for the quality standards for waste water reuse in =
>>irrigation in California.
...
>Wastewater reuse and wastewater disposal are somewhat different subjects.
>There are several standards for disposal by SDI but to the best of my
>knowledge none for reuse.
>SDI reuse with secondary treated water is usually allowed even in
>Californian where tertiary treatment (title 22) is in the regulations. This,
>to the best of my knowledge, and the company I work with has supplied
>product to a few such projects, is always be exception.
>
>This is a gap in the regulations that needs to be filled.
>
>
I know there has been a long term experiment in Monterey County. They are
installing a large project ($20 million?++) that delivers relaimed water to
farms to counter an overdraft. The crops in the area are artichokes,
lettuce, celery, broccoli, and leafy vegetables. Artichokes are above
ground and are cooked, the others (esp lettuce) are on or near the ground
and not cooked.
Does anyone know what will happen regulatory wise? Is this tertiary treated
water?
Steve Jordan- Artichoke Evangelist, Wetland manager
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Tue Nov 5 05:54 EST 1996
Date: Tue, 5 Nov 1996 04:41:33 -0600
Message-Id: <199611051041.AA02239@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 639
Contents:
Re: Air injection (Wally Menke <wallym@ozemail.com.au>)
Date: Tue, 5 Nov 1996 21:41:26 +1100 (EST)
From: Wally Menke <wallym@ozemail.com.au>
Subject: Re: Air injection
At 06:35 PM 14/10/96 -0500, you wrote:
>The type of air injection that GroAire is involved is radically different
>from the mazzei injectors. After each irrigation, the water pump is
>manifolded off and the air generation station is valved on. The same drip
>tubes used to deliver the water is then used to deliver the air.
>
>Dave Enyeart
>Senior Engineer
>GroAire@aol.com
Dear Dave
I've been reading your comments on air injection with great interest!.
One question I have is how do you calculate the volume/pressure of air that
you need to put into a particular system to make it operate uniformly?
Regards
Wally Menke - Triangle Filtration
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Wed Nov 6 06:01 EST 1996
Date: Wed, 6 Nov 1996 04:42:05 -0600
Message-Id: <199611061042.AA10340@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 640
Contents:
Re: Air injection (GroAire@aol.com)
Date: Tue, 5 Nov 1996 20:03:47 -0500
From: GroAire@aol.com
Subject: Re: Air injection
The flow rates that I design for are based on actual field tests that I have
performed over the past 15 years on the drip tapes manufactured by T-Tape,
roberts, chapin, hardie, and rainbird. Some are more efficient at delivering
air than others.
Dave Enyeart
GroAire Irrigation
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Thu Nov 7 21:23 EST 1996
Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1996 20:09:50 -0600
Message-Id: <199611080209.AA29776@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 641
Contents:
SDI for golf courses (buescher@wiz.uni-kassel.de (Michael Buescher))
FW: INFORMATIONAL - Phone Scam ("Thurston, Anna" <athursto@ci.tacoma.wa.us>)
Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1996 18:29:41 +0100 (MEZ)
From: buescher@wiz.uni-kassel.de (Michael Buescher)
Subject: SDI for golf courses
Hallo trickle-L,
has anyone made some pratical experience about the use of SDI on golf course greens? There are some golf clubs who heve such a restriction on water that they are only able to use reclaimed wastewater (kind of title 22) with SDI. I know that is no problem in agriculture and read about the experiments of the CIT in Fresno - but a golf green seems more difficult due to higher chances of compaction - chances of holes due to the areation - and than the cost of reconstruction of the green if the system fails. Any coments on that - we had already a good conversation in the office
With best regards,
Michael Buescher
University of Kassel
Faculty of Agriculture, International Rural Development
and Environmental Protection (FB 11)
Nordbahnhofstr. 1a
D-37213 Witzenhausen
(FRG)
Phone: (+49)-5542-98-1???
Fax: (+49)-5542-98-1588
email: buescher@wiz.uni-kassel.de
C=de; A= ; P=uni-kassel; O=wiz; S=buescher (X.400)
Date: Thu, 07 Nov 96 09:32:00 PST
From: "Thurston, Anna" <athursto@ci.tacoma.wa.us>
Subject: FW: INFORMATIONAL - Phone Scam
***SPECIAL ALERT***
SCAM: Don't Respond To Emails, Phone Calls, Or Pages Which
Tell You To Call An "809" Phone Number
This is a very important message from Internet ScamBusters! It
alerts you to a scam that is - spreading *extremely* quickly - can
easily cost you $100 or more, and - is difficult to avoid unless you
are aware of it. This scam has also been identified by the National
Fraud Information Center and is costing victims a lot of money.
There are lots of different permutations of this scam, but here is
how it works:
Permutation #1: Internet Based Phone Scam Via Email.
You receive an email, typically with a subject line of "*ALERT*" or
"Unpaid account." The message, which is being sent across the net,
says:
----------------------------------------------------------
I am writing to give you a final 24hrs to settle your outstanding
account. If I have not received the settlement in full, I will
commence legal proceedings without further delay. If you would like
to discuss this matter to avoid court action, call Mike Murray at
Global Communications on +1 809 496 2700.
----------------------------------------------------------
Permutation #2: Phone Or Pager Scam
You receive a message on your answering machine or your pager which asks
you to call a number beginning with area code 809. The reason to you're
asked to call varies: it can be to receive information about a family
member who has been ill, to tell you someone has been arrested, died, to
let you know you have won a wonderful prize, etc. In each case, you're
told to call the 809 number right away.
Since there are so many new area codes these days, people unknowingly
return these calls. If you call from the USA, you will apparently be
charged $25 per-minute! Sometimes the person who answers the phone
will speak broken English and pretend not to understand you. Other
times, you'll just get a long recorded message. The point is, they
will try to keep you on the phone as long as possible to increase the
charges. Unfortunately, when you get your phone bill, you'll often
be charged more than $100.00.
Here's why it works: The 809 area code is located in the British
Virgin Islands (the Bahamas). The 809 area code can be used as a
"pay-per-call" number, similar to 900 numbers in the USA. Since 809
is not in the USA, it is not covered by USA regulations of 900 numbers,
which require that you be notified and warned of charges and rates
involved when you call a "pay-per-call" number. There is also no
requirement that the company provide a time period during which you
may terminate the call without being charged. Further, whereas many
US phones have 900 number blocking (to avoid these kinds of charges),
900 number blocking will not prevent calls to the 809 area code.
We recommend that no matter how you get the message, if you are asked
to call a number with an 809 area code that you don't recognize,
investigate further and/or disregard the message. Be *very* wary of
email or calls asking you to call an 809 area code number.
It's important to prevent becoming a victim of this scam, since
trying to fight the charges afterwards can become a real nightmare.
That's because you did actually make the call. If you complain, both
our local phone company and your long distance carrier will not want
to get involved and will most likely tell you that they are simply
providing the billing for the foreign company. You'll end up dealing
with a foreign company that argues they have done nothing wrong.
Please forward this entire message from Internet ScamBusters to your
friends, family and colleagues to help them become aware of this scam
so they don't get ripped off.
ISSC
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Fri Nov 8 21:23 EST 1996
Date: Fri, 8 Nov 1996 20:10:29 -0600
Message-Id: <199611090210.AA26900@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 642
Contents:
Re: SDI for golf courses (rmead@cybergate.com (Richard Mead))
Buried drip (meissner.tony@wpo.pi.sa.gov.au)
(Manrique Brenes <mjbrenes@ucdavis.edu>)
Re: SDI for golf courses -Reply (Paul Reynolds <PREYNOLD@tnrcc.state.tx.us>)
Re: IA meetings..report (Richard Mead <rmead@cybergate.com>)
Re: California residential landscape water use (Scott Matyac <scott_matyac@water.ca.gov>)
SDI for golf greens (buescher@wiz.uni-kassel.de (Michael Buescher))
Re: SDI for golf courses (Rodney Ruskin <geoflow1@slip.net>)
Re: Waste water use/Monterey County ("KEVIN B. BRONSON" <103644.2426@CompuServe.COM>)
Date: Fri, 8 Nov 1996 02:39:17 GMT
From: rmead@cybergate.com (Richard Mead)
Subject: Re: SDI for golf courses
Regarding:
>has anyone made some pratical experience about the use of SDI on golf
>course greens?<
There were some preliminary discussions on the basic SDI and turf concept
last year on Trickle-L. The dialog can be found at the Microirrigation
Forum web site http://www.cybergate.com/~rmead/turf.html
I'm sure once Rodney Ruskin comes back from the Irrigation Association
meetings in San Antonio, he will be able to contribute more detail about
reclaimed wastewater and SDI.
R. Mead
Trickle-L owner/manager
Date: Fri, 08 Nov 1996 15:02:28 +0930
From: meissner.tony@wpo.pi.sa.gov.au
Subject: Buried drip
Hi all,
Has anyone information on buried drips on citrus?
Tony Meissner
Loxton Centre
PO Box 411
Loxton SA Australia 5333
email: meissner.tony@pi.sa.gov.au
Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1996 22:54:15 -0800
From: Manrique Brenes <mjbrenes@ucdavis.edu>
Subject:
Does anybody have some number on the average water consumption per household for landscape irrigation in California?
On the average size and cost of the domestic irrigation installation?
Thanks.
Manrique Brenes
Bio & Ag Eng
UC Davis
Date: Fri, 08 Nov 1996 08:53:02 -0600
From: Paul Reynolds <PREYNOLD@tnrcc.state.tx.us>
Subject: Re: SDI for golf courses -Reply
Can you send me some information on the 'Irrigation Association'
Meetings in San Antonio, or am I too late?
thanks,
preynold
Date: Fri, 8 Nov 1996 17:42:25 GMT
From: Richard Mead <rmead@cybergate.com>
Subject: Re: IA meetings..report
Regarding:
>Can you send me some information on the 'Irrigation Association'
>Meetings in San Antonio, or am I too late?
>
I plan on presenting a small report on the IA meetings that were held
earlier this week (Nov. 3-5) in conjunction with the technical sessions
of the ASAE (ET and Irrigation scheduling conference).
This report will be presented on the Microirrigation Forum web site soon.
R. Mead
Trickle-L owner
Date: Fri, 08 Nov 1996 09:42:26 -0500
From: Scott Matyac <scott_matyac@water.ca.gov>
Subject: Re: California residential landscape water use
At 08:40 AM 11/8/96 -0600, you wrote:
>Does anybody have some number on the average water consumption per
household for landscape irrigation in California?
>On the average size and cost of the domestic irrigation installation?
>
>Thanks.
>
>Manrique Brenes
>Bio & Ag Eng
>UC Davis
>
>
>
Manrique-
For information on residential landscape water use, please refer to the
discussion of seasonal water use in the California Department of Water
Resources' Bulletin 166-4, Urban Water Use in California. It's accessible
from our web site:
http://rubicon.water.ca.gov/
You can order a hard copy by calling our publications desk at 916-653-1097.
Let me know if you have any questions.
Best regards,
-Scott
-------------------------------------------------------
J. Scott Matyac
Division of Planning
California Department of Water Resources
scott_matyac@water.ca.gov (916) 654-6265 fax 653-6077
Date: Fri, 8 Nov 1996 19:07:22 +0100 (MEZ)
From: buescher@wiz.uni-kassel.de (Michael Buescher)
Subject: SDI for golf greens
Thank you for the information up to now.
Regarding the spacing problem (which could occure) I would assume that with an USDA green (artificial soil mix) it should be easy to calculate the right spacing of the lines.
What worries me more:
1. Compaction from golf player. Thus areating to a certain depth is neccessary including deep areation every few years. This would destroy the drip line.
2. A failure of the system would cost a fortune if you remove the system or lay a new one into the soil.
Despite the potential dangers a client installed it - but they used a porous pipe - which complicates things even further! I'm not aware of any literature (Sjastrla/Mote/CIT) that has beneficial things to say about porous pipe and continuous flow over time!!!
To put two things on top:
1. It is reclaimed wastewater as I mentioned with a filter of 200 mesh which seems to me still to big for the 'emitterholes' of the pipe.
2. They didn't install flush valves.
I would be interested about your comments on the potential survival of this system!
With best regards,
Michael Buescher
Date: Fri, 08 Nov 1996 10:33:52 -0800
From: Rodney Ruskin <geoflow1@slip.net>
Subject: Re: SDI for golf courses
At 08:18 AM 11/8/96 -0600, Richard Mead wrote:
>Regarding:
>
>>has anyone made some pratical experience about the use of SDI on golf
>>course greens?<
>
>There were some preliminary discussions on the basic SDI and turf concept
>last year on Trickle-L. The dialog can be found at the Microirrigation
>Forum web site http://www.cybergate.com/~rmead/turf.html
>
>I'm sure once Rodney Ruskin comes back from the Irrigation Association
>meetings in San Antonio, he will be able to contribute more detail about
>reclaimed wastewater and SDI.
>
>R. Mead
>Trickle-L owner/manager
I expect that I have to rise to that order from our leader.
There was an article "Going Underground on the Golf Course" in GOLF COURSE
IRRIGATION Sept/Oct 1996 http://www.aip.com
If anyone wants copies just e-mail to me (not to trickle-l) your snail-mail
address and I will send photocopies.
We have about 10 acres in a golf course in Hawaii. The project which has
just been installed, uses secondary treated wastewater (this is quite dirty)
and as such may not be close to human contact. The areas of the course which
are within 100 feet of a residence will be irrigated with SDI - the balance
with sprinklers. This will include rough, fairway and tees - no greens. I
expect that tis project will be reported upon next year.
Rodney Ruskin
geoflow1@slip.net
Date: 08 Nov 96 20:10:18 EST
From: "KEVIN B. BRONSON" <103644.2426@CompuServe.COM>
Subject: Re: Waste water use/Monterey County
Dear Tricklers:
I recently listened to a very informative speech by Mike Armstrong, the general
manager of the Monterey County Water Resources Agency regarding the Salinas
Valley and its many water problems, and the mitigation measures in place and
pending. Contact him by voice line at (408)755-4860, or fax (408)424-7935.
Kevin Bronson
Weimer Irrigation & Supply, Inc.
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sat Nov 9 21:23 EST 1996
Date: Sat, 9 Nov 1996 20:10:56 -0600
Message-Id: <199611100210.AA12469@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 643
Contents:
Smart Rain applied to drip irrigation (Romain Gagnon <rg@smartrain.com>)
Date: Sat, 09 Nov 1996 11:19:56 -0500
From: Romain Gagnon <rg@smartrain.com>
Subject: Smart Rain applied to drip irrigation
Hello every body:
We have developped a control system for irrigating golf courses based on
actual real-time soil moisture content.
We now wish to apply our system to agriculture especially with drip
irrigation. Can you visit our web page at: http://www.SmartRain.com and
tell us your opinion on that matter. We would like to hear from both
farmers and academics.
Romain Gagnon Eng
Smart Rain Corporation inc
1505, Place de l'Hotel de Ville, suite 102
St-Bruno, Quebec, Canada --- J3V-5Y6
E-mail: Info@SmartRain.com
Phone: 1-514-441-4289
FAX: 1-514-441-2147
WEB: http://www.SmartRain.com
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sun Nov 10 21:26 EST 1996
Date: Sun, 10 Nov 1996 20:11:29 -0600
Message-Id: <199611110211.AA24497@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 644
Contents:
Re: Waste water use/Monterey County (grapegrower <grapegrower@earthlink.net>)
Date: Sat, 9 Nov 96 22:05:39 -0700
From: grapegrower <grapegrower@earthlink.net>
Subject: Re: Waste water use/Monterey County
Why do we receive waste water email?? Isn't there another forum for that
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Mon Nov 11 21:25 EST 1996
Date: Mon, 11 Nov 1996 20:12:56 -0600
Message-Id: <199611120212.AA24442@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 645
Contents:
Re: SDI for golf greens (GroAire@aol.com)
Date: Sun, 10 Nov 1996 22:57:18 -0500
From: GroAire@aol.com
Subject: Re: SDI for golf greens
Hello Mr. Buesher,
I installed SDI on a golf green a few years ago, but I also installed
subsurface aeration. This was done to eliminate the need to deep aerate as
the grren was aerated every time it was irrigated.Periodically the hole is
moved in a green to eliminate wear patterns in the green caused by
golfers.This problem can be overcome by burying a stainless steel wire # 9
beside each lateral so that the laterals can later be located with a metal
detector years after the installation.
In southern climates where they have an excess amount of rain, the ground
managers have a constant problem of fighting a black fungus that attacks the
root system. The result is a replacement of the green. This could be
eliminated by the use of our subaeration systems. In northern latitudes the
ground managers have a different problem of keeping golfers off the green
until the frost has evaporated away because the frost and the weight of the
golfer will damage the variety of bent grass.
This also could be eliminated by the injection of warm air through our
subaeration systems to drive the frost off sooner. This would enable the golf
courses to collect more revenues. If you are working on a current design I
would open to consultiong with you on your designs. I have been inastalling
SDI & SA (subaeration) on turf for 12 years using the turbulent flow tapes.
Dave Enyeart
GroAire@aol.com
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Tue Nov 12 21:26 EST 1996
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 1996 20:13:51 -0600
Message-Id: <199611130213.AA26913@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 646
Contents:
Re: California residential landscape water use (ARON QUIST <stanworth@mail.telis.org>)
NEW SUBSRIBER QUESTIONNAIRE ("Joseph C. Henggeler" <j-henggeler@tamu.edu>)
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 1996 10:36:00 -0800 (PST)
From: ARON QUIST <stanworth@mail.telis.org>
Subject: Re: California residential landscape water use
At 11:57 AM 11/8/96 -0600, you wrote:
>At 08:40 AM 11/8/96 -0600, you wrote:
>>Does anybody have some number on the average water consumption per
>household for landscape irrigation in California?
>>On the average size and cost of the domestic irrigation installation?
>>
>>Thanks.
>>
>>Manrique Brenes
>>Bio & Ag Eng
>>UC Davis
>>
>>
>>
>
>Manrique-
>
>For information on residential landscape water use, please refer to the
>discussion of seasonal water use in the California Department of Water
>Resources' Bulletin 166-4, Urban Water Use in California. It's accessible
>from our web site:
>
>http://rubicon.water.ca.gov/
>
>
>You can order a hard copy by calling our publications desk at 916-653-1097.
>
>Let me know if you have any questions.
>
>
>Best regards,
>
>-Scott
>
>
>-------------------------------------------------------
>J. Scott Matyac
>Division of Planning
>California Department of Water Resources
>scott_matyac@water.ca.gov (916) 654-6265 fax 653-6077
>
>
>
It takes about 5.0 acre feet of water per acre per year for residences and their landscapes in Southern California and Arizona.
Aron
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 1996 14:05:34 -0600
From: "Joseph C. Henggeler" <j-henggeler@tamu.edu>
Subject: NEW SUBSRIBER QUESTIONNAIRE
1) AFFILIATION WITH SDI?
I am an Extension Irrigation Specialist working in 40 counties in West
Texas. Have worked with SDI on cotton since 1983.
2) WHAT CROPS?
In Texas there are these many acres of SDI :
7,000 acres of cotton
280 acres of forages
50 acres of pecans (drip laterals are 4-6 ft apart)
16,000 acres of vegetables (mostly single-season systems)
3) AVG DEPTH OF PLACEMENT?
From 8 to 14 inches; have seen 24 inches. As far as I've
witnessed, it appears to have little effect on yield. Howsever, on forage
we recommend a deeper placement (>20 in) so that wet spots don't get
to the surface and therefore one can water up to cutting time and even
during curing.
4) WHAT PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED?
a) Insects (thought to be either desert fire ant or wire worms)
eating holes in the fold of tape. One grower with 10 acres had 500 of
these. The problem seems to occur if the tape is installed and and not
irrigated with for several weeks.
b) Gophers.
c) Germination of seed, especially on forage crops, but also on row
crops. Large rollers have reduced amount of pre-watering to germinate
cotton seed from 10 inches down to 5 inches.
d) Lack of water meters.
e) Some problems with use of high-sodium water.
5) FERTIGATION?
Primary use N in an urea solution. Little use of P & K that I am aware of.
I am very interested in the use of N-Phuric since are soils are high pH
and it may free up some micro-nutrients such as iron and zinc. Some
growers are using calcium nitrate.
6) REDUCTION IN FERT OR WATER?
No. We are so short of water that there is no reduction, in fact, since
SDI allows one to pre-irrigate prior to listing up beds, some of our drip
users are using more water since they start puming itwo months before
they use to.
7) WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS?
I have heard of several problems with sodic irrigation water. In general,
marginal water has not been used for SDI systems.
8) FREQUENCY?
We encourage daily watering. However, the cotton growers who have
made SDI economically feasible feel that weekly irrigation with their limited
water (approximately 2.0 gpm/ac or about a tenth of an inch per day
capacity) is the way to go. We set up tests for two years and could not
refute them. Still, our recommendations are for very frequent irrigations.
9) RODENTS?
Not a probelm with cotton farmers, but a big one on forages. Once
wet, they don't appear to be as bad. For small plots around farmsteads,
cats in the pasture appeared to help is advice I got from one person.
10) UNIFORMITY AND DESIGN?
Paradoxically, when water resources are so short as is most of our
systems, uniformity is not as important since even the area that gets the
most water does not have enough to get beyond the root zone. Most
systems sold are sold by farmers-turned-dealers, therefore, strigent
engineering is often missing. They do, however, tend to be conservative
in pipe sizes, etc. They also tend to test well Q as opposed to take a
farmer's word on it. Center pivot dealers are less likely to do this and
there is much re-nozzling done around here. One item that we have
suggested to dealers in situations where well Q is not known for sure
(e.g., well testing during winter after well recovery, fluctiating tables, etc)
is that zones be added. For example, if the design calls for 6 zones,
install it with 12 instead. If the water holds up two zones are run at a
time; if the water dropped for sum reason, then a single zone could be
run.
11) FIND OUT ABOUT TRICKLE-L?
I learned about it from Jim Brighan, formely of Netafim and then saw info
on it at the MicroIrrigation Congress in April, 1995.
11)
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Wed Nov 13 21:27 EST 1996
Date: Wed, 13 Nov 1996 20:14:25 -0600
Message-Id: <199611140214.AA26099@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 647
Contents:
Re: California residential landscape water use (Steve Jordan <11062@utech.net>)
Re: California residential landscape water use -Reply ("Joseph C. Henggeler" <j-henggeler@tamu.edu>)
Lateral Length Calculation ("Eran Eckstein" <eran@fdbs.com>)
Re: Lateral Length Calculation (cburt@oboe.aix.calpoly.edu (Charles M. Burt))
Re:H2) consumption (Richard Olson <ozoneguy@enviro.org>)
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 1996 19:47:09 -0800
From: Steve Jordan <11062@utech.net>
Subject: Re: California residential landscape water use
> It takes about 5.0 acre feet of water per acre per year for residences and their landscapes in Southern California and Arizona.
>
> AronThat may be true in some areas. In our area, the figure is under 2
AF/yr. Reasons: colder coastal climate with few swimming pools, and
smaller landscape grounds with a recent drought.
Does the figure include industrial / commercial use? Residence? Yard?
Date: Wed, 13 Nov 1996 11:21:25 -0600
From: "Joseph C. Henggeler" <j-henggeler@tamu.edu>
Subject: Re: California residential landscape water use -Reply
RE: Manrique Brenes' question on sprinkler system costs & water use
Manrique,
In West Texas we found that the cost of off-the-shelf materials alone
for residential sprinkler systems was about $0.07-0.10/sq ft. It can go
lower if spray heads can be replaced with impacts or rotors. Labor
requirements were about 1.0 man-minute/sq ft. The actual charge to
homeowners for turn-key installations was $0.40-0.50/sq ft. Many
installers used a multiplier times the number of sprinkler heads in the
system to obtain the price they charge. The turnkeyl charges are
probably lower than most parts of the countyr, and reflect the fact that
many unemployed oil filed workers were involved in the sprinkler
business at the time of the study, and a buyer's marker existed.
Water use by automatic systems were 31.0" (n=20), 51.2" (n=10), and
34.1" (n=3) for Ft. Worth, Ft. Stockton and Andrews, TX, respectively.
This represents 129%, 169%, and 106% of Eto for the same cities
respectively. Unfortuneately, total use by the automatic systems was
77% higher than hose-move systems in the study (n=81).
Lawns in Andrews were rated on appearance (n=47) and compared to
application amounts. Generally, 30" of water was enough to have a good
quality of turf. Andrews & Ft. Stockton are similar in climate to Fresno,
CA.
Joe Henggeler, Ft. Stockton, TX
>>> ARON QUIST <stanworth@mail.telis.org> 11/12/96 01:01pm >>>
At 11:57 AM 11/8/96 -0600, you wrote:
>At 08:40 AM 11/8/96 -0600, you wrote:
>>Does anybody have some number on the average water consumption
per
>household for landscape irrigation in California?
>>On the average size and cost of the domestic irrigation installation?
>>
>>Thanks.
>>
>>Manrique Brenes
>>Bio & Ag Eng
>>UC Davis
>>
>>
>>
>
>Manrique-
>
>For information on residential landscape water use, please refer to the
>discussion of seasonal water use in the California Department of Water
>Resources' Bulletin 166-4, Urban Water Use in California. It's accessible
>from our web site:
>
>http://rubicon.water.ca.gov/
>
>
>You can order a hard copy by calling our publications desk at
916-653-1097.
>
>Let me know if you have any questions.
>
>
>Best regards,
>
>-Scott
>
>
>-------------------------------------------------------
>J. Scott Matyac
>Division of Planning
>California Department of Water Resources
>scott_matyac@water.ca.gov (916) 654-6265 fax 653-6077
>
>
>
It takes about 5.0 acre feet of water per acre per year for residences
and their landscapes in Southern California and Arizona.
Aron
Date: Wed, 13 Nov 1996 14:31:07 +0000
From: "Eran Eckstein" <eran@fdbs.com>
Subject: Lateral Length Calculation
Dear Members,
Does anyone know the formula for calcualting the lateral length of
drip irrigation pipe ?
Thanks Eran@fdbs.com
Date: Wed, 13 Nov 1996 15:30:21 -0800
From: cburt@oboe.aix.calpoly.edu (Charles M. Burt)
Subject: Re: Lateral Length Calculation
>Dear Members,
>
>Does anyone know the formula for calcualting the lateral length of
>drip irrigation pipe ?
>
>Thanks Eran@fdbs.com
There is no such formula, by itself. We have formulas used to computer the
friction, discharges, etc. once you know the lateral length.
See our book on Drip and Microirrigation, or Keller and Bliesner's book on
Sprinkle and Drip Irrigation. We use a form of the Darcy-Weisbach
equation.
Charles M. Burt, P.E., Ph.D.
Professor and Director
Irrigation Training and Research Center (ITRC)
BioResource and Agricultural Engineering Dept.
California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly)
San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
ph: 805-756-2379
FAX: 805-756-2433
e-mail: cburt@oboe.calpoly.edu
Date: Wed, 13 Nov 1996 18:10:06 -0800
From: Richard Olson <ozoneguy@enviro.org>
Subject: Re:H2) consumption
Manrique,
If you get an private response to this question, I would be very
interersted in the answer as well.
thanks,
Richard Olson
>Does anybody have some number on the average water consumption per
>household for landscape irrigation in California?
>On the average size and cost of the domestic irrigation installation?
>
>Thanks.
>
>Manrique Brenes
>Bio & Ag Eng
>UC Davis
O3zone - Environmental Health Research; Richard Olson
Specialists in Water and Air Purificiation
225 Crossroads Blvd., #260, Carmel, CA 93923
ph 408.624.3763 * fx 408.624.6122
http://www.enviro.org * ozoneguy@enviro.org
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Thu Nov 14 21:27 EST 1996
Date: Thu, 14 Nov 1996 20:14:29 -0600
Message-Id: <199611150214.AA25802@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 648
Contents:
Re: Lateral Length Calculation (Gideon Oron <gidi@bgumail.bgu.ac.il>)
Date: Thu, 14 Nov 1996 18:45:54 +0200 (IST)
From: Gideon Oron <gidi@bgumail.bgu.ac.il>
Subject: Re: Lateral Length Calculation
Shalom Eran
I hope you are well.
Your dad called me several months ago for examinaing a system.
Since then I did not hear from him.
Regards to you, your
parents and the Mamos.
By the way there is a plastic conference in Israel (Interantional)
and a session on irrigation. Can you present something
Toda
Gideon Oron
****************************************************************************
* Gideon Oron E-mail:Gidi@bgumail.bgu.ac.il *
* Ben-Gurion University of the Negev *
* The Institute for Desert Research Tel:+972-7-656-5070 *
* Kiryat Sde-Boker, 84990 Israel Fax:+972-7-655-7042 *
* and *
* Dept of Industrial Engineering and Management Tel:+972-7-647-2200 *
* Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel Fax:+972-7-647-2958 *
****************************************************************************
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Fri Nov 15 21:27 EST 1996
Date: Fri, 15 Nov 1996 20:14:43 -0600
Message-Id: <199611160214.AA24930@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 649
Contents:
new member (Jacqui Scheinberg <100351.1440@CompuServe.COM>)
Date: 15 Nov 96 17:13:32 EST
From: Jacqui Scheinberg <100351.1440@CompuServe.COM>
Subject: new member
I am introducing myself as a new member of trickle-L
I am a subsurface irrigator in Australia using secondary treated effluent water.
Since this water comes with a high nutrient content the only fertigation
required is nitrogen when the crop growth outpaces the nutrient content.
The crop currently is turf (for the americans amongst you a sod farm but here
sod has a different meaning!)I am also looking at exotic flowers for the export
market..
I use a porous pipe about 20 cm depth on lines about 2 meters apart.
The problem I am experiencing is partial blocking of the pores.
I irrigate about once a week to each zone,more in high evapo- tranpiration.
The session of each irrigation is about 24 hours.
The uniformity is excellent .
I also pump air into the system for soil aeration which I find is excellent for
soil
conditioning
I found about Trickle-L from cerfing the web (I am a stickler for this
spelling-it arises because one of the initial scientists that established the
Net was named Cerf)
I am also interested in other methods of subsurface irrigation and their
relative merits
Regards to all
Richard Scheinberg
Richard.Scheinberg@pobox.com
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sat Nov 16 21:29 EST 1996
Date: Sat, 16 Nov 1996 20:15:11 -0600
Message-Id: <199611170215.AA13582@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 650
Contents:
Water Analysis (Wally Menke <wallym@ozemail.com.au>)
Re: new member - Porous pipe (buescher@wiz.uni-kassel.de (Michael Buescher))
Re: SDI installed in sports turf (rmead@cybergate.com (Richard Mead))
Water Analysis -Reply ("Joseph C. Henggeler" <j-henggeler@tamu.edu>)
manuals (Rod Ennor <rodennor@parker.inter.net.il>)
SDI AND CORN (Rod Ennor <rodennor@parker.inter.net.il>)
Re: Air injection (Rod Ennor <rodennor@parker.inter.net.il>)
Date: Sat, 16 Nov 1996 18:30:35 +1100 (EST)
From: Wally Menke <wallym@ozemail.com.au>
Subject: Water Analysis
Can anyone help with a SDI water treatment question?
I have a customer who is trialing SDI on a patch of Alf Alfa (lucerne). He
is pumping from a well from which the water quality is a bit questionable
(analysis below). My questions are:
1) Will this water be OK to use without detriment.
2) Can anyone advise if there will be a problem with calcium carbonate
percipitation in the dripline?, and if so what treatment (acid dosing) do we
need to implement to avoid long term plugging.
pH = 7.1 Conductivity = 6850 us/cm Turbidity = 0.31 ntu
TDS by EC = 3900 mg/l, by calculation = 3730 mg/l
Cations: Calcium 205, Magnesium 196, Sodium 921, Potassium 19.6 mg/l
Anions: Bicarbonate 669, Sulphate 277, Chloride 1790 mg/l
Total Hardness as CaCO3 = 1312 mg/l
Free CO2 = 84 mg/l, SAR = 11.1
Cheers
Wally Menke
Date: Sat, 16 Nov 1996 12:15:06 +0100 (MEZ)
From: buescher@wiz.uni-kassel.de (Michael Buescher)
Subject: Re: new member - Porous pipe
Richard Scheinberg wrote:
>I am a subsurface irrigator in Australia using secondary treated effluent water.
>I use a porous pipe about 20 cm depth on lines about 2 meters apart.
>The problem I am experiencing is partial blocking of the pores.
>I irrigate about once a week to each zone,more in high evapo- tranpiration.
>The session of each irrigation is about 24 hours.
>The uniformity is excellent .
Hallo Richard,
some questions regarding your introduction:
1. how long are your laterals?
2. how long do you use the pp until it's blocked totally?
3. what do you do in order to prevent blocking, which will affect uniformity?
With best regards,
Michael Buescher
Date: Sat, 16 Nov 1996 16:08:49 GMT
From: rmead@cybergate.com (Richard Mead)
Subject: Re: SDI installed in sports turf
A few weeks ago, Michael Buescher was asking about SDI installation on golf
courses. Several days later I was cruising the web where I stumbled upon an
article in the online version of "Sportsturf" magazine entitled, "Wimbledon
Never Looked Like This!". It's about a rather luxurious tennis clubhouse in
the mountains of Arizona which has used SDI for irrigating the grass tennis
courts and USGA putting greens.
The current web address (before it is moved to archive status) is:
http://www.aip.com/green/st/html/1196wimbledon.html
For those who don't have web access yet or just want to absorb an abstract
of the article, the specifics are:
- the drainage system was installed 45cm (18 in) below the surface
- on top of the drainage system went 15 cm (6 in) of pea gravel
- on top of the pea gravel went 30 cm (12 in) of a unique blend of sand and peat
- 11 km (7 miles) of drip tubing was buried 15 cm (6 in) below grade in
lengths of 36.5 m(120 ft) where laterals were 30 cm (12 in) apart
- emitter output was 4 LPH (1 GPH)
- screens and filters were cleaned and checked 4 times per year
- pressure was maintained at 103 kpa (15 psi)
- multiple cycle starts at 5 to 6 times per day at 45 min to 1 hour for
each station in the hear of the summer
The benefits of the system according to the manager include:
- no water lost to evaporation or wind drift
- savings of water and labor
- overspray was eliminated. Overspray from traditional sprinklers stains
surrounding concrete white due to high calcium carbonate in the water
I don't know if this will help Michael Buescher, but I found the whole
concept of this technology interesting.
Richard Mead
Trickle-L and Microirrigation Forum manager
rmead@cybergate.com
Date: Sat, 16 Nov 1996 13:55:39 -0600
From: "Joseph C. Henggeler" <j-henggeler@tamu.edu>
Subject: Water Analysis -Reply
Wally,
Welcome from one of the capitals of salinity, West Texas. Your water is
high in salts (ECiw ~ 7 dS/m). Relative yield reduction on alfalfa starts at
Ece ~ 2 dS/m, and then declines about 7.3% per each dS/m above
threshold. Thus, your expected yield would be about 65% of potential
yield. In the cases where I have studied of high-frequency irrigation,
ECiw ~ Ece (normally Ece is 50 to 100% higher), so you can use the Eciw
for yield projections. You would also be accumulating salt above the drip
lines, so periodic leaching with flood or sprinkler would probably be
required. Severe foliar burn would occur if alfalfa is sprinkled with this
water.
Your SAR value is high (11.1), and if you adjust it due to the fact that
part of the Ca will not be available, your adjSAR = 13.1. Normally, this
would be very worrisome, but your high level of salts in the water help to
mitigate this somewhat. It is still something to be concerned about,
especially if you have a clay soil.
The only good news is that your water will probably not form a calcium
carbonate ppt. However, even if it would, this is usually easy to control.
( Trickle Irrigation for Crop Production, eds. Nakayama and Bucks is
a good reference on this subject.)
I would also test your water for Iron, and then refer to the archived
discussion on iron in TRICKLE-L to see if it will be a problem.
The levels of Cl are also very high.
The last thing to consider is germinating the seed. This is what our SDI
alfalfa growers in West Texas worry about the most. We get 14 inches
of rain a year and cannot count on it for germination. You will have a
very high salt build up near the germinating seeds, especially between
lateral, and this may add to the problem of stand establishment.
I would proceed with caution on this enterprise. Hutmacher & Mead's
work on SDI on alfalfa, showed that for various reasons, yields were
increased 20 to 30% over flood, so you might make up part of the yield
loss caused by the salinity, but your water has a number of risky factors.
If your customer still wishes to continue, you might suggest Coastal
Bermudagrass, Matua, Jose Wheatgrass, or some of the other forages
that are more salt tolerant. Even then, try just a few acres.
SDI is still a new thing in most agricultural communities. Any failures of
SDI might come back to haunt you. However, I have also seen some
cases of farmers beating the odds and using a saline resource that the
books said would not work, and making it work. Do experiment first
though!
Joe Henggeler, Ft. Stockton, TX
Associate Prof & Ext Ag Engineer-Irrigation
>>> Wally Menke <wallym@ozemail.com.au> 11/16/96 01:28am >>>
Can anyone help with a SDI water treatment question?
I have a customer who is trialing SDI on a patch of Alf Alfa (lucerne). He
is pumping from a well from which the water quality is a bit questionable
(analysis below). My questions are:
1) Will this water be OK to use without detriment.
2) Can anyone advise if there will be a problem with calcium carbonate
percipitation in the dripline?, and if so what treatment (acid dosing) do we
need to implement to avoid long term plugging.
pH = 7.1 Conductivity = 6850 us/cm Turbidity = 0.31 ntu
TDS by EC = 3900 mg/l, by calculation = 3730 mg/l
Cations: Calcium 205, Magnesium 196, Sodium 921, Potassium 19.6 mg/l
Anions: Bicarbonate 669, Sulphate 277, Chloride 1790 mg/l
Total Hardness as CaCO3 = 1312 mg/l
Free CO2 = 84 mg/l, SAR = 11.1
Cheers
Wally Menke
Date: Sat, 16 Nov 1996 22:34:25 +0200
From: Rod Ennor <rodennor@parker.inter.net.il>
Subject: manuals
Dear Trickle l members,
Does anyone know of a good manual on drip irrigation which uses simple
english suitable for translation? All of the bokks that I have seen tend
to be a little difficult for non native english speakers.
All suggestions appreciated.
ROD ENNOR
rodennor@mail.inter.net.il.
Date: Sat, 16 Nov 1996 22:38:55 +0200
From: Rod Ennor <rodennor@parker.inter.net.il>
Subject: SDI AND CORN
HI ALL,
SDI ON CORN IS NOT A NORMAL PRACTICE IN ISRAEL AND I CANT FIND OUT WHY.
PERHAPS SOMEONE OUT THERE CAN PROVIDE SOME POSSIBLE REASONS OR IDEAS FOR
THIS SITUATION. ISRAEL GROWS LARGE QUANTITIES WITH LIMITED WATER SUPPLY SO
I WOULD ASSUME THAT SDI WOULD BE IDEAL FOR A REDUCTION IN EVAPORATION FROM
THE SOIL SURFACE, GIVEN THE HOT DRY CLIMATE. OBVIOUSLY I AM IN ERROR.
ANY IDEAS?????
ROD ENNOR
rodennor@mail.inter.net.il.
Date: Sat, 16 Nov 1996 22:59:27 +0200
From: Rod Ennor <rodennor@parker.inter.net.il>
Subject: Re: Air injection
At 04:37 AM 11/5/96 -0600, you wrote:
>At 06:35 PM 14/10/96 -0500, you wrote:
>>The type of air injection that GroAire is involved is radically different
>>from the mazzei injectors. After each irrigation, the water pump is
>>manifolded off and the air generation station is valved on. The same drip
>>tubes used to deliver the water is then used to deliver the air.
>>
>>Dave Enyeart
>>Senior Engineer
>>GroAire@aol.com
>
>Dear Dave
>
>I've been reading your comments on air injection with great interest!.
>One question I have is how do you calculate the volume/pressure of air that
>you need to put into a particular system to make it operate uniformly?
>
>Regards
>Wally Menke - Triangle Filtration
>
>
DEAR DAVE,
NOW THIS IS INTERESTING STUFF!!! I WOULD APPRECIATE MORE INFORMATION ON
THE BENEFITS OF AIR INJECTION, PARTICULARLY THE POSSIBLE OR PROVEN EFFECTS
WHEN USING "ONLY JUST TREATED" SEWERAGE WATER. ANY OTHER INFO WOULD ALSO
BE OF INTEREST.
REGARDS,
ROD ENNOR
rodennor@mail.inter.net.il.
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sun Nov 17 21:28 EST 1996
Date: Sun, 17 Nov 1996 20:15:23 -0600
Message-Id: <199611180215.AA27796@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 651
Contents:
Re: Smart Rain applied to drip irrigation/Real-Time Soil (Clem Wehner <cww@pacificcoast.net>)
Date: Sun, 17 Nov 1996 11:51:41 -0800 (PST)
From: Clem Wehner <cww@pacificcoast.net>
Subject: Re: Smart Rain applied to drip irrigation/Real-Time Soil
Hello Romain,
How do you measure and monitor actual real-time soil moisture?
Three years ago I did a survey among farmers and academics for
a new soil-moisture measuring instrument that functions with
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). Survey results were important
for design and manufacture of an acurate, reliable instrument
and probes of a real-time soil moisture monitoring and
measuring system.
The system is now available from the Environmental Sensors
Division of Gabel Corporation, Victoria, B.C., Canada.
Phone 250-479-6588
Fax 250-479-1412
e-mail: gabel@islandnet.com
Languages: English, French and Spanish
Regards,
Clem Wehner C.Wehner & Associates
Marketing Consultants International
Victoria, B.C., Canada
Phone & Fax Toll Free: 800-881-0704
e-mail: cww@pacificcoast.net
--------------------------- 0 -----------------------------------
At 10:12 AM 11/9/96 -0600, you wrote:
>Hello every body:
>
>We have developped a control system for irrigating golf courses based on
>actual real-time soil moisture content.
>
>We now wish to apply our system to agriculture especially with drip
>irrigation. Can you visit our web page at: http://www.SmartRain.com and
>tell us your opinion on that matter. We would like to hear from both
>farmers and academics.
>
>Romain Gagnon Eng
>
>Smart Rain Corporation inc
>1505, Place de l'Hotel de Ville, suite 102
>St-Bruno, Quebec, Canada --- J3V-5Y6
>E-mail: Info@SmartRain.com
>Phone: 1-514-441-4289
>FAX: 1-514-441-2147
>WEB: http://www.SmartRain.com
------------------------ 0 --------------------------
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Mon Nov 18 21:28 EST 1996
Date: Mon, 18 Nov 1996 20:15:57 -0600
Message-Id: <199611190215.AA00958@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 652
Contents:
(Jeremy Fogg <JC-FOGG@wpg.uwe.ac.uk>)
Re: Water Analysis (Don Pitts <djp@ICON.IMOK.UFL.EDU>)
Date: Mon, 18 Nov 1996 12:54:39 +0000
From: Jeremy Fogg <JC-FOGG@wpg.uwe.ac.uk>
Subject:
help
Date: Mon, 18 Nov 1996 09:32:26 -0500 (EST)
From: Don Pitts <djp@ICON.IMOK.UFL.EDU>
Subject: Re: Water Analysis
The high TDS will create salinity problems. A large leaching fraction will
be necessary.
The water also has a significant plugging potential from calcium carbonate.
The langelier saturation index ranges from + 0.3 @ 22 C to + 0.6 @ 40 C.
Reducing the pH by the amount of the index, depending on water temperature,
will neutralize the excess bicarbonate. If you have questions, contact me
directly.
Don Pitts
University of Florida
At 01:25 AM 11/16/96 -0600, you wrote:
>Can anyone help with a SDI water treatment question?
>
>I have a customer who is trialing SDI on a patch of Alf Alfa (lucerne). He
>is pumping from a well from which the water quality is a bit questionable
>(analysis below). My questions are:
>1) Will this water be OK to use without detriment.
>2) Can anyone advise if there will be a problem with calcium carbonate
>percipitation in the dripline?, and if so what treatment (acid dosing) do we
>need to implement to avoid long term plugging.
>
>pH = 7.1 Conductivity = 6850 us/cm Turbidity = 0.31 ntu
>TDS by EC = 3900 mg/l, by calculation = 3730 mg/l
>Cations: Calcium 205, Magnesium 196, Sodium 921, Potassium 19.6 mg/l
>Anions: Bicarbonate 669, Sulphate 277, Chloride 1790 mg/l
>Total Hardness as CaCO3 = 1312 mg/l
>Free CO2 = 84 mg/l, SAR = 11.1
>
>Cheers
>Wally Menke
>
>
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Tue Nov 19 21:30 EST 1996
Date: Tue, 19 Nov 1996 20:16:19 -0600
Message-Id: <199611200216.AA05153@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 653
Contents:
Re: SDI AND CORN (GroAire@aol.com)
Re: manuals (LodiCraig@aol.com)
(flowers@rt66.com (wilderness flowers))
manuals -Reply ("Joseph C. Henggeler" <j-henggeler@tamu.edu>)
RE: manuals ("Hugh Campbell" <Hugh_Campbell@msn.com>)
Date: Mon, 18 Nov 1996 22:05:15 -0500
From: GroAire@aol.com
Subject: Re: SDI AND CORN
Hello Rod,
Perhaps they do not practice ridge till farming for one reason or another.
The most successful plots I have seen on corn have been by
fred Lamm at KSU in Colby Kansas USA.
Incidently, Hardie Irrigation produces a first class manual for drip.
Dave Enyeart
GroAire @aol.com
Date: Tue, 19 Nov 1996 02:12:33 -0500
From: LodiCraig@aol.com
Subject: Re: manuals
In a message dated 96-11-16 16:30:14 EST, you write:
<< Dear Trickle l members,
Does anyone know of a good manual on drip irrigation which uses simple
english suitable for translation? All of the bokks that I have seen tend
to be a little difficult for non native english speakers.
All suggestions appreciated.
ROD ENNOR rodennor@mail.inter.net.il.>>
What destination language(s) did you have in mind Rod?
This sounds like a great Senior Project or grad student project for one of
Charlie Burt's students at Cal Poly, SLO.
Cheers,
Craig Thompson
Date: Tue, 19 Nov 1996 10:13:51 -0700 (MST)
From: flowers@rt66.com (wilderness flowers)
Subject:
> ROD ENNOR rodennor@mail.inter.net.il.>> wrote:
><< Dear Trickle l members,
> Does anyone know of a good manual on drip irrigation which uses simple
> english suitable for translation? All of the bokks that I have seen tend
> to be a little difficult for non native english speakers.
> All suggestions appreciated.
sugestions:from theresa connaughton
From: "Connaughton, Theresa (GILB)" <Theresa.Connaughton@fao.org>
Subject: Another reference
To: flowers <flowers@rt66.com>
This is a for sale item from FAO and is supposed to be pretty good:
Localized irrigation: design, installation, operation, evaluation. 1984.
ISBN 92-5-100986-4
$22.
order online: publications-sales @fao.org
also
Return-Path: Theresa.Connaughton@fao.org
Date: Tue, 19 Nov 1996 09:58:00 +0000 (GMT)
From: "Connaughton, Theresa (GILB)" <Theresa.Connaughton@fao.org>
Subject: References
To: flowers <flowers@rt66.com>
I think most of the U.S. publications might be available from land-grant
university libraries and the FAO publication is a project report which I
cannot put my hands on right now so you might wish to delete the reference.
I think that, like most things, there is no one "this book has it all"
answer and a lot of what has been written is dated with better technology
now available. Sounds like the Am. Soc. of Ag engineers has a good handle
on the subject, though they might be somewhat technical. It is hard to
avoid technology in this arena, though.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
311232 (IY=92)
------
L.
Ttl: Sprinkle and trickle irrigation.
Col: 632 p.
Lng: En
PAu: Keller, J.; Bliesner, R.D.
Im : New York (USA). Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1990.
Ind: <SPRINKLER IRRIGATION>; <TRICKLE IRRIGATION>;
Sec.Ind/Abst: <DESIGN>; <IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT>. <HANDBOOK>;
Class. codes: LW.
-------
ISBN 0-442-24645-5
Call no: 631.6 K281. LIB
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------
360889 (IY=96)
------ (IN PROCESS)
AF.
Ttl: Sprinkler and drip irrigation.
Col: vp.
Lng: En
PAu: Raban, R.
CAu: FAO, Rome (Italy). Forestry Dept.; Ministry of Forestry, Yangon
(Myanmar)
Im : Rome (Italy). Mar 1995.
Ind: <SPRINKLER IRRIGATION>; <TRICKLE IRRIGATION>; <MYANMAR>;
Sec.Ind/Abst: <HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING><IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT><COST ANALYSIS>. <UNDP PROJECT>. <FIELD DOCUMENT>;
Class. codes: F06. W56
-------
Fiche no: 360889
Div/Proj: FO. Sustainable Community Multipurpose Fuelwood Woodlots,
Field
document 5, MYA/93/003; Sustainable Agriculture Development
and
Environmental rehabilitation in the Dry Zone, Myanmar,
MYA/93/004; Sustainable Watershed Management for three
Critical
Areas, Myanmar, MYA/93/005.
Rep. nos: FAO-FO--DP/MYA/93/003; FAO-FO--DP/MYA/93/004; FAO-FO--
DP/MYA/93/005
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
311232 (IY=92)
------
L.
Ttl: Sprinkle and trickle irrigation.
Col: 632 p.
Lng: En
PAu: Keller, J.; Bliesner, R.D.
Im : New York (USA). Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1990.
Ind: <SPRINKLER IRRIGATION>; <TRICKLE IRRIGATION>;
Sec.Ind/Abst: <DESIGN>; <IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT>. <HANDBOOK>;
Class. codes: LW.
-------
ISBN 0-442-24645-5
Call no: 631.6 K281. LIB
-- PAGE 020 --
Call no: 634.917 In8161.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
294812 (IY=90)
------
L.
Ttl: Simplified irrigation design.
Col: 190 P.
Lng: En
PAu: Melby, P.
Im : New York (USA). Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1988.
Ind: <IRRIGATION>; <IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT>;
Sec.Ind/Abst: <SPRINKLER IRRIGATION>; <TRICKLE IRRIGATION>; <DESIGN>.
<HANDBOOK>;
Class. codes: LW.
-------
ISBN 0-914886-41-X
Call no: 626 M48. LIB
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
261074 (IY=86)
------
L.
Ttl: Drip/trickle irrigation in action. Proceedings.
Col: 2 v.
Cnf: International Drip/Trickle Irrigation Congress. 3. Fresno, CA (USA).
18-21 Nov 1985.
Lng: En
CAu: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI (USA)
STi: ASAE Publication (USA). no. 10-85.
Im : St. Joseph, MI (USA). ASAE. 1985.
Ind: <TRICKLE IRRIGATION>; <PLANT WATER RELATIONS>;
Sec.Ind/Abst: <IRRIGATION METHODS>; <EVALUATION>; <IRRIGATION SCHEDULING>;
<COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS>; <WATER MANAGEMENT>; <IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT>;
<APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY>; <FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTORS>; <SALINE WATER>;
<CASE STUDIES>.
Class. codes: LW.
-------
ISBN 0-916150-73-9
Call no: 631.6 In 82(1985). LIB
------------------------------------------------------------------------
260432 (IY=86)
------
L.
Ttl: Trickle irrigation for crop production: design, operation and
management.
Col: 383 p.
Lng: En
PAu: Nakayama, F.S., (ed.); Bucks, D.A., (ed.).
STi: Developments in Agricultural Engineering (Netherlands). v. 9.
Im : Amsterdam (Netherlands). Elsevier. 1986.
Ind: <TRICKLE IRRIGATION>;
Sec.Ind/Abst: <HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING>; <WATER MANAGEMENT>; ; <APPLICATION METHODS>; <MANAGEMENT>; .
Class. codes: LW.
-------
ISBN 0-444-42615-9
Call no: 631.6 N14. LIB
----------------------------------------------
254206 (IY=85)
------
L.
Ttl: Drip irrigation manual.
Col: 95 p.
Lng: En
PAu: Dasberg, S.; Bresler, E.
STi: IIIC Publication (Israel). no. 9.
Im : Bet Dagan (Israel). International Irrigation Information Center.
1985.
Ind: <TRICKLE IRRIGATION>;
Sec.Ind/Abst: <DESIGN>. <HANDBOOK>;
-------
ISBN 965-298-001-3
Call no: 631.6 S569.4 4 no.9. LIB
-------------------------------
243050 (IY=84)
------
L.
Ttl: Irrigation engineering: sprinkler, trickle, surface irrigation;
principles, design and agricultural practices.
Col: 257 p.
Lng: En
PAu: Benami, A.; Ofen, A.
Im : Haifa (Israel). Irrigation Engineering Scientific Pub. 1984.
Ind: <IRRIGATION>; <HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING>;
Sec.Ind/Abst: <SPRINKLER IRRIGATION>; <TRICKLE IRRIGATION>; ; <IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT>.
-------
ISBN 965-222-029-9
Call no: 631.6 B43. LIB
Martin connaughton
Wilderness Flowers
Flowers@rt66.com
Rt 19 Box 111-D
Santa Fe, NM 87505
505 988 3096
also as of August 5th
Martin and Theresa Connaughton
Apartment #4
Via Adolfo Gandiglio
00151 Rome, Italy
phone # 011-39-6-65 74 20 87
email :theresa.connaughton@fao.org
"Think Flowers"
Date: Tue, 19 Nov 1996 17:18:48 -0600
From: "Joseph C. Henggeler" <j-henggeler@tamu.edu>
Subject: manuals -Reply
Rod,
"Drip Irrigation for Row Crops" (Hanson, Schwankl, Grattan & Prichard)
is a good management text on the practical side of drip irrigation, covering
components, chemigation, avoiding problems, etc. It is published by the
Cooperative Extension Service of the University of California.
Joe Henggeler
Ft. Stockton, TX
>>> Rod Ennor <rodennor@parker.inter.net.il> 11/16/96 02:31pm >>>
Dear Trickle l members,
Does anyone know of a good manual on drip irrigation which uses simple
english suitable for translation? All of the bokks that I have seen tend
to be a little difficult for non native english speakers.
All suggestions appreciated.
ROD ENNOR
rodennor@mail.inter.net.il.
Date: Tue, 19 Nov 96 23:12:18 UT
From: "Hugh Campbell" <Hugh_Campbell@msn.com>
Subject: RE: manuals
Hello Rod
NSW Agriculture has published a 70 page booklet called Drip Irrigation - A
grapegrower's guide. It is written in everyday English for grapegrowers by a
team of extension officers and manufacturer's reps in the Sunraysia region of
NSW and Victoria. It is an excellent little book although oriented towards
grapes.
It costs around $10 AUD. It was first published in 1993 and now has a second
edition.
You could obtain a copy by contacting NSW Agriculture at Dareton.
Address
NSW Agriculture
Dareton
NSW 2717
Australia
or an e-mail message to Mr Eddie Parr, Program Leader, Water Management at NSW
Agriculture's head office at Orange. <parre@agric.nsw.gov.au>
Regards
Hugh Campbell
Riverina IRRICAD Design Services
11 Helenor Crescent
NARRANDERA NSW 2700
Australia
e-mail <Hugh_Campbell@msn.com>
----------
From: trickle-l@unl.edu on behalf of Rod Ennor
Sent: Sunday, 17 November 1996 7:29
To: Multiple recipients of list
Subject: manuals
Dear Trickle l members,
Does anyone know of a good manual on drip irrigation which uses simple
english suitable for translation? All of the bokks that I have seen tend
to be a little difficult for non native english speakers.
All suggestions appreciated.
ROD ENNOR
rodennor@mail.inter.net.il.
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Wed Nov 20 21:29 EST 1996
Date: Wed, 20 Nov 1996 20:17:00 -0600
Message-Id: <199611210217.AA06489@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 654
Contents:
Re: TRICKLE-L digest 652 (TPiatkowsk@aol.com)
Re: (Fedro Zazueta <fsz@GNV.IFAS.UFL.EDU>)
Re: -Reply (Joe McFarland <m-mcfarland1@tamu.edu>)
Date: Wed, 20 Nov 1996 00:18:17 -0500
From: TPiatkowsk@aol.com
Subject: Re: TRICKLE-L digest 652
Wally,
I believe without some kind of strategy, you will expose your system to
problems. At Ag H20, we have been successful in addressing water quality
issues like you are facing with the pre-treatment of irrigation water. If you
would like further information, e-mail me your address and I would be glad to
send you information.
Tom Piatkowski
Ag H2O
Date: Wed, 20 Nov 1996 14:46:05 -0500 (EST)
From: Fedro Zazueta <fsz@GNV.IFAS.UFL.EDU>
Subject: Re:
At 12:18 PM 11/19/96 -0600, you wrote:
>> ROD ENNOR rodennor@mail.inter.net.il.>> wrote:
>
>
>
>><< Dear Trickle l members,
>> Does anyone know of a good manual on drip irrigation which uses simple
>> english suitable for translation? All of the bokks that I have seen tend
>> to be a little difficult for non native english speakers.
>> All suggestions appreciated.
>
>
For translation to what language?
Fedro S. Zazueta
Information Technologies Office
IFAS, Bldg. 162
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611
Tel: 352-392-3196
FAX: 352-392-3520
Email:fsz@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu
Web: www.agen.ufl.edu/~fzazueta/
Date: Wed, 20 Nov 1996 15:07:35 -0600
From: Joe McFarland <m-mcfarland1@tamu.edu>
Subject: Re: -Reply
If you desire a Spanish manual, try "Manejo de Riego por Goteo"
published by the Extension Service of the University of Puerto Rico. Dr.
Goyal is the editor. I cannot vouch for the contents, however.
Joe McFarland
>>> Fedro Zazueta <fsz@GNV.IFAS.UFL.EDU> 11/20/96 01:56pm >>>
At 12:18 PM 11/19/96 -0600, you wrote:
>> ROD ENNOR rodennor@mail.inter.net.il.>> wrote:
>
>
>
>><< Dear Trickle l members,
>> Does anyone know of a good manual on drip irrigation which uses
simple
>> english suitable for translation? All of the bokks that I have seen
tend
>> to be a little difficult for non native english speakers.
>> All suggestions appreciated.
>
>
For translation to what language?
Fedro S. Zazueta
Information Technologies Office
IFAS, Bldg. 162
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611
Tel: 352-392-3196
FAX: 352-392-3520
Email:fsz@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu
Web: www.agen.ufl.edu/~fzazueta/
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Thu Nov 21 21:31 EST 1996
Date: Thu, 21 Nov 1996 20:17:38 -0600
Message-Id: <199611220217.AA02934@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 655
Contents:
Re: manuals (ARON QUIST <stanworth@MAIL.TELIS.ORG>)
COLIN MARTIN - NEW MEMBER (Colin.Martin@DPIF.nt.gov.au)
Date: Thu, 21 Nov 1996 12:04:19 -0800 (PST)
From: ARON QUIST <stanworth@MAIL.TELIS.ORG>
Subject: Re: manuals
I have a good resource called "Drip irrigation for Row crops" By Blaine Hanson put out by the University of California Program, U of C Davis. I use it in my basic soil course. It is very simple.
Aron
At 01:22 AM 11/19/96 -0600, you wrote:
>In a message dated 96-11-16 16:30:14 EST, you write:
>
><< Dear Trickle l members,
> Does anyone know of a good manual on drip irrigation which uses simple
> english suitable for translation? All of the bokks that I have seen tend
> to be a little difficult for non native english speakers.
> All suggestions appreciated.
> ROD ENNOR rodennor@mail.inter.net.il.>>
>
>What destination language(s) did you have in mind Rod?
>
>This sounds like a great Senior Project or grad student project for one of
>Charlie Burt's students at Cal Poly, SLO.
>
>Cheers,
>Craig Thompson
>
>
Date: Fri, 22 Nov 1996 10:27:13 +0930
From: Colin.Martin@DPIF.nt.gov.au
Subject: COLIN MARTIN - NEW MEMBER
1) Briefly, what is your affiliation with trickle/drip irrigation?
I am a research scientist investigating the potential for
cotton grown in the dry season (winter) at Katherine,
Northern Territory, Australia.
2) What crops or plants do you use drip irrigation on?
I am experimenting with SURFACE DRIP on cotton - SDI would
be better.
3) If using subsurface drip irrigation, what is the average depth of
placement of the drip lateral?
4) What problems have you encountered with drip irrigation?
We are using bore water that is very high in calcium
carbonate. The aquifer is limestone. Use HCl monthly to
clear emitters.
5) Fertigation is a real advantage of drip irrigation. What form of N,
P and K have you been trying and to what success?
Soils are massive red earths which drain slowly. P and K
applied preplanting, and urea applied weekly in the
irrigation water. Worked well last season.
6) Have you experienced a reduction in fertilizer and/or water use?
No other system for easy comparison.
7) Do you have water quality problems? If so, how do you tackle the
situation?
See 4).
8) How frequent do you irrigate? Many times a day, one long session
per day, or once every several days?
Last season we watered biweekly at 3 rates: 0, +25%, -25%
of pan evaporation, with appropriate crop factors.
9) Do you have rodent damage? If so, how do you control the problem?
No.
10) Are you pleased with the uniformity of your system or systems?
Were they designed correctly?
Yes. We have no large areas.
11) How did you find out about the Trickle-L mailing list?
From Yan Diczbalis at DPIF-B89.
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Fri Nov 22 21:31 EST 1996
Date: Fri, 22 Nov 1996 20:17:58 -0600
Message-Id: <199611230217.AA01429@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 656
Contents:
Re: $$$ x deficit irrigation (Rubens Duarte Coelho <rdcoelho@carpa.ciagri.usp.br>)
Re: $$$ x deficit irrigation (Don Pitts <djp@ICON.IMOK.UFL.EDU>)
Date: Fri, 22 Nov 1996 09:25:56 -0200 (BDB)
From: Rubens Duarte Coelho <rdcoelho@carpa.ciagri.usp.br>
Subject: Re: $$$ x deficit irrigation
Dear friends
Here is Rubens from Brazil (South America)....I am facing a
dificult task here with drip irrigation for citrus orchard...
We have 330 ha with citrus orchard and only 150 m3/h of water
available....last year we installed 7 ha of netafim drip as an experimental
area...this year we are facing a long dry period and we are forcasting 40 %
less production in the non irrigate area...with netafim drips the
production is assured and even higher !!!
The ETo is about 4.5 mm..... Kr = 80 % (60 % of canopy coverage)
416 plants / ha...... Kc = 0.9 ........total volume / ha = 32.4 m3 / day
~ 77.88 liters/plant.day......with only 150 m3/h available I can
irrigated without deficit only 110 ha !!!
THE QUESTION IS :
It would be better to reduce the volume of water per plant
(DEFICIT IRRIGATION) 10, 20 .. 50 % and increase the irrigated area with
only 150 m3/h ?????
What would be the better deficit 10 30 or 50 % ????
Thank you for any HELP !!!
RUBENS COELHO
Date: Fri, 22 Nov 1996 09:36:11 -0500 (EST)
From: Don Pitts <djp@ICON.IMOK.UFL.EDU>
Subject: Re: $$$ x deficit irrigation
The methodology to address this question was given in a paper presented at
the ET Conference in San Antonio early this month titled: "Optimizing
Microirrigation and Land Allocation for Fresh Market Tomatoes with Water
Supply Restrains".
Although your question is somewhat different from the question addressed in
the above mentioned paper, the answer to your question is dependent on the
slope of the irrigation production function and irrigation costs. Your
question is very practical. The solution, in economic terms, occurs when
the marginal benefit of irrigation equals the margin cost of irrigation.
Summary and Conclusion from Paper given at the ET Conference:
Assuming a linear water production function and when the slope of the land
production function is greater than the slope of the water production
function, greatest yield and water-use efficiency will always be achieved by
deficit irrigation rather than reducing land allocation. Profit
maximization will, however, often occur by reducing land area planted. The
optimum (point of profit maximization) short-run production combination of
deficit irrigation and land planted depended on production costs, yield
potential, and market price. At lower yield potentials and lower market
prices, optimal allocation is to reduce land area planted and irrigate at
the fully-watered level; while at higher yield potentials and higher market
prices, the optimal allocation is full land area planted and deficit
irrigation.
Regards,
Don Pitts
Unversity of FLorida
At 05:28 AM 11/22/96 -0600, you wrote:
>
>
>Dear friends
>
> Here is Rubens from Brazil (South America)....I am facing a
>dificult task here with drip irrigation for citrus orchard...
>
> We have 330 ha with citrus orchard and only 150 m3/h of water
>available....last year we installed 7 ha of netafim drip as an experimental
>area...this year we are facing a long dry period and we are forcasting 40 %
>less production in the non irrigate area...with netafim drips the
>production is assured and even higher !!!
>
> The ETo is about 4.5 mm..... Kr = 80 % (60 % of canopy coverage)
>416 plants / ha...... Kc = 0.9 ........total volume / ha = 32.4 m3 / day
>
>~ 77.88 liters/plant.day......with only 150 m3/h available I can
>irrigated without deficit only 110 ha !!!
>
>THE QUESTION IS :
>
>It would be better to reduce the volume of water per plant
>(DEFICIT IRRIGATION) 10, 20 .. 50 % and increase the irrigated area with
>only 150 m3/h ?????
>
>What would be the better deficit 10 30 or 50 % ????
>
>
>Thank you for any HELP !!!
>
>
>RUBENS COELHO
>
>
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sat Nov 23 21:31 EST 1996
Date: Sat, 23 Nov 1996 20:18:58 -0600
Message-Id: <199611240218.AA17255@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 657
Contents:
Re: $$$ x deficit irrigation -Reply ("Joseph C. Henggeler" <j-henggeler@tamu.edu>)
Date: Sat, 23 Nov 1996 11:12:29 -0600
From: "Joseph C. Henggeler" <j-henggeler@tamu.edu>
Subject: Re: $$$ x deficit irrigation -Reply
Rubens,
You have a similar problem to what many pecan growers in West Texas
have experienced, not enough water. Pecan trees are planted much
further apart (115/ha) than your citrus, but the water-stretching practices
still should be applicable. Here we almost entirely depend on irrigation
(rain = 350 mm/yr).
1) The most important rule is to water 100% of your orchard floor! This
is done for two main reasons. The first is that it gives you a larger bank
account from which to draw from during periods when ET_actual > your
irrigation supply. For example, using your ET _actual of 3.6 mm/d and
assuming active roots down to 0.75 m and a water holding capacity of
15%, and assuming you are currently wetting only 60% of the orchard
floor, then by going to 100% coverage/storage, you will bank up enough
extra water for about 2 weeks of crop water use!
The second reason that wetting 100% of the floor is important if you
are short of water, is that you increase your effective rainfall. Again
assuming that only 60% of the land surface gets irrigation, and you are in
a period of drought (we are in a constant drought here) so that any roots
they were in non-irrigated areas are now desiccated, then rainfall that
does gets into the middles of trees evaporates and is never transpired
since active roots are not present.
2) The best way to irrigate 100% of the orchard floor is with
sub-surface drip irrigation. Doing so eliminates most soil surface
evaporation. Ferreira et al. (proc of 1996 ET & Sched Conf) showed that
18% of ET was E on peaches on a sandy soil.
3) If possible, keep you orchard floor clean-tilled, since a cover crop,
such as rye grass, may increase water demand by 20%. If you need a
cover crop there for orchard management, hit it with a light herbicide or
PRIMO during the tree's critical water use time, so that you reduce its
portion of water use.
Using these principals we have pecan growers who have the
equivalent of 6 mm/d, manage a crop that would normally require 9 or 10
mm/d with only minor quality consequences.
Whether to abandon part of your orchard or not depends on the amount
of rainfall you get. If irrigation & rainfall is generally sufficient, but you just
happen to be in a drought, I think keeping all trees healthy is important.
Bielorai (in Irr Science in early 1980s) showed that 20% reduction in
water on mature grapefruits only decreased yield 11% for Year 1 of
study. If the fact is that your irrigation & rainfall, even in normal rainfall
years, is not enough, than you need to make some decisions on culling
part of your orchard, or drill more wells.
Joe Henggeler
Ft. Stockton, TX
>>> Rubens Duarte Coelho <rdcoelho@carpa.ciagri.usp.br> 11/22/96
05:30am >>>
Dear friends
Here is Rubens from Brazil (South America)....I am facing a
difficult task here with drip irrigation for citrus orchard...
We have 330 ha with citrus orchard and only 150 m3/h of water
available....last year we installed 7 ha of netafim drip as an experimental
area...this year we are facing a long dry period and we are forcasting
40 %
less production in the non irrigate area...with netafim drips the
production is assured and even higher !!!
The ETo is about 4.5 mm..... Kr = 80 % (60 % of canopy
coverage)
416 plants / ha...... Kc = 0.9 ........total volume / ha = 32.4 m3 / day
~ 77.88 liters/plant.day......with only 150 m3/h available I can
irrigated without deficit only 110 ha !!!
THE QUESTION IS :
It would be better to reduce the volume of water per plant
(DEFICIT IRRIGATION) 10, 20 .. 50 % and increase the irrigated area with
only 150 m3/h ?????
What would be the better deficit 10 30 or 50 % ????
Thank you for any HELP !!!
RUBENS COELHO
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sun Nov 24 23:50 EST 1996
Date: Sun, 24 Nov 1996 22:37:25 -0600
Message-Id: <199611250437.AA05839@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 658
Contents:
Re: manuals (Tim1Utah@aol.com)
Date: Sun, 24 Nov 1996 23:44:41 -0500
From: Tim1Utah@aol.com
Subject: Re: manuals
The I.A. has a book for landscape drip applications called "Drip Irrigation
in the Landscape" which is in layman's terms 703-573-3551
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Mon Nov 25 23:55 EST 1996
Date: Mon, 25 Nov 1996 22:42:32 -0600
Message-Id: <199611260442.AA03968@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 659
Contents:
Job opening: Multi-media Package development in Land and Water (b.maheshwari@uws.EDU.AU (Dr. Basant Maheshwari))
1997 Tulare Farm Show ("Jerry Neufeld" <jneufeld@fs.scs.unr.edu>)
1997 Tulare Farm Show -Reply (Gerald Townsend <GTOWNSEND@ibr2gw80.mp.usbr.gov>)
Re: 1997 Tulare Farm Show (Irrometer@aol.com)
Re: 1997 Tulare Farm Show (Tanya MacPhedran <SENTEK@a011.aone.net.au>)
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 1996 07:20:13 +0500
From: b.maheshwari@uws.EDU.AU (Dr. Basant Maheshwari)
Subject: Job opening: Multi-media Package development in Land and Water
We are developing a computer assisted learning package for teaching land
and water resources management at university level. We would like to
employ someone experienced in multi-media package development, especially
using Authorware / Director software. Person with an educational
background and expereince in irrigation and land & water resources
management would be a definite advantage. The postion is available
immeduately for at least six months. The annual salary is about $42,000.
For more information, please contact at the following address:
Dr. Basant Maheshwari
Senior Lecturer, Irrigation Systems & Management
School of Agri. & Rural Development
University of Western Sydney
Richmond, NSW 2753, AUSTRALIA
Email: b.maheshwari@uws.edu.au
Tel.: (61+45) 701 235 or 885 652
Fax: (61+45) 701 750
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 96 09:02:03 PST
From: "Jerry Neufeld" <jneufeld@fs.scs.unr.edu>
Subject: 1997 Tulare Farm Show
Can anyone tell me the dates for the 1997 Tulare Farm Show?
Jerry Neufeld
Date: Mon, 25 Nov 1996 10:26:32 -0800
From: Gerald Townsend <GTOWNSEND@ibr2gw80.mp.usbr.gov>
Subject: 1997 Tulare Farm Show -Reply
Calif Farm Equipment Show and International
Exposition, Feb. 13-15, Tulare.
Date: Mon, 25 Nov 1996 19:44:26 -0500
From: Irrometer@aol.com
Subject: Re: 1997 Tulare Farm Show
In a message dated 96-11-25 12:33:47 EST, you write:
>Can anyone tell me the dates for the 1997 Tulare Farm Show?
>
> Jerry Neufeld
February 11-13, 1997 (Tuesday - Thursday)
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 1996 12:25:30 +0900
From: Tanya MacPhedran <SENTEK@a011.aone.net.au>
Subject: Re: 1997 Tulare Farm Show
> Can anyone tell me the dates for the 1997 Tulare Farm Show?
> Jerry Neufeld
Jerry, I noticed you have received two different dates for the Tulare Farm
Show in California. In an attempt to save confusion I checked our booth
booking slips for the event and the actual dates are confirmed as 11-13
February 1997.
Regards
Tanya MacPhedran
Company Administrator
Sentek Pty Ltd
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Tue Nov 26 23:56 EST 1996
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 1996 22:42:55 -0600
Message-Id: <199611270442.AA02705@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 660
Contents:
NEW MEMBER (RKI@aol.com)
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 1996 19:58:14 -0500
From: RKI@aol.com
Subject: NEW MEMBER
I WILL INTRODUCE MYSELF BY ANSWERING THE 11 QUESTIONS RICHARD MEAD ASKED ME.
1.AFFILIATION W/DRIP WE GROW 3-5 ACRES COMMERICAL CUT FLOWERS & 5 A.
PUMPKINS,INDIAN CORN & MINIATURE GOURDS BY SURFACE DRIP FOR THE LAST 5 YRS.
3 YRS. AGO WE INSTALLED 3 A. OF SUBSURFACE DRIP UNDER THE SUPERVISION
OF GRO AIRE (DAVE ENYEART A PRESENT MEMBER) . TO THIS SDI SYSTEM WE
ATTACHED A 10 H.P. AIR INJECTION BLOWER WHICH ENABLES US TO INJECT COOL OR
HOT AIR UNDER GROUND THROUGH THE DRIP LINES TO AIRRIATE THE SOIL AFTER WE
HAVE IRRIAGATED. 2. WHAT CROPS? SEE #1 3. WHAT ADV. DEPTH? 8
INCHES. 4. WHAT PROBLEMS? NONE SO FAR EXCEPT USUAL MINOR ONES. 5.
FERTIGATION? DO NOT FERTIGATE W/SYSTEM. 6. WATER REDUCTION? YES VERY
MUCH. 7. QUALITY PROBLEMS? NONE OTHER THAN A LITTLE SAND. WELL IS @
900-FT. DEPTH. EXCELLENT WATER. 8. IRRIGATION FREQUENCY? ONCE EVERY
SEVERAL DAYS. 9. RODENT DAMAGE? NONE - NOT EVEN WITH
SURFACE SYSTEM. 10. PLEASED W/SYSTEM? YES GRO-AIRE IS VERY KNOWLEDGEABLE
& ABLE. IT IS A VERY GOOD SYSTEM. 11. FOUND OUT ABOUT TRICKLE-L? THROUGH
DAVE ENYEART.
GLAD TO BE A MEMBER
ROBERT KOCH - COLORADO
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Wed Nov 27 23:57 EST 1996
Date: Wed, 27 Nov 1996 22:43:53 -0600
Message-Id: <199611280443.AA26413@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 661
Contents:
Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields (MSorren175@aol.com)
Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields (Robert Carian <grapegrower@earthlink.net>)
Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields (Richard Mead <rmead@cybergate.com>)
Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields -Reply ("Joseph C. Henggeler" <j-henggeler@tamu.edu>)
On Farm performance (meissner.tony@wpo.pi.sa.gov.au)
Date: Wed, 27 Nov 1996 12:05:26 -0500
From: MSorren175@aol.com
Subject: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields
As a water management specialist for the USDA, Natural Resources Conservation
Service in NJ, I recieved a request for information on drip irrigation design
for athletic fields (football and soccer). I am not familiar with drip
systems designed for this use.
I'm looking for some material and references on existing drip irrigation on
athletic fields, design (pipe size, depth of laterals, spacing, etc) layout,
and products recommended. The request is for Stockton State College, Pomona,
NJ.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of drip systems vs. sprinklers on
atheletic fields?
I appreciate the help.
MaryBeth Sorrentino
USDA,Natural Resources Conservation Service
Hammonton, NJ
609-561-3223
609-561-2765 (fax)
Date: Wed, 27 Nov 96 10:13:15 -0700
From: Robert Carian <grapegrower@earthlink.net>
Subject: Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields
Purdue U. developed the system for irrigation and drainage on a football
feild that has become the standard from which all todays designs are
based. I know because i palyed on the feild years ago when other schools
were still putting in artificail turf. Search the web or contact the U.
of Purdue and I'm sure they will share the design with you
Date: Wed, 27 Nov 1996 18:53:48 GMT
From: Richard Mead <rmead@cybergate.com>
Subject: Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields
Dear Ms. Sorrentino,
There are several good articles on the AIP webserver.
Two that come to mind are:
1) Going Underground on the Golf Course (Landscape and Irrigation)
2) Wimbleton never looked this good (Sportsturf Magazine)
However, prior to my typing this information, I check the AIP
network and it seems to be down (at the moment).
When it is up and running again try http://www.aip.com using their
editorial archives search engine.
Other sources would be Rodney Ruskin* of Geoflow and Kurt Maloney** of Netafim.
Let us know what you find out!
Richard Mead
Trickle-L owner/manager
*geoflow1@slip.net
**kurt_m@msn.com
At 11:21 AM 11/27/96 -0600, you wrote:
>As a water management specialist for the USDA, Natural Resources Conservation
>Service in NJ, I recieved a request for information on drip irrigation design
>for athletic fields (football and soccer). I am not familiar with drip
>systems designed for this use.
>
>I'm looking for some material and references on existing drip irrigation on
>athletic fields, design (pipe size, depth of laterals, spacing, etc) layout,
>and products recommended. The request is for Stockton State College, Pomona,
>NJ.
>
>What are the advantages and disadvantages of drip systems vs. sprinklers on
>atheletic fields?
>
>I appreciate the help.
>
>MaryBeth Sorrentino
>USDA,Natural Resources Conservation Service
>Hammonton, NJ
>609-561-3223
>609-561-2765 (fax)
>
Date: Wed, 27 Nov 1996 15:15:16 -0600
From: "Joseph C. Henggeler" <j-henggeler@tamu.edu>
Subject: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields -Reply
MaryBeth,
Regarding football fields with SDI, you might call some of these various
high schools in West Texas who have installed SDI systems in their
football fields in the last several years to see how they feel about them:
Water Valley HS (915) 484-2424
Sonora HS (915) 387-6533
Van Horn HS (915) 283-9258
Westbrook HS (915) 644-4321
Christoval HS (915) 896-2355
Garden City HS (915) 354-2244
Forsan HS (915) 457-2223
Munday HS (817) 422-4321
Sincerely,
Joe Henggeler
Ft. Stockton, TX
>>> <MSorren175@aol.com> 11/27/96 11:31am >>>
As a water management specialist for the USDA, Natural Resources
Conservation
Service in NJ, I recieved a request for information on drip irrigation design
for athletic fields (football and soccer). I am not familiar with drip
systems designed for this use.
I'm looking for some material and references on existing drip irrigation on
athletic fields, design (pipe size, depth of laterals, spacing, etc) layout,
and products recommended. The request is for Stockton State College,
Pomona,
NJ.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of drip systems vs.
sprinklers on
atheletic fields?
I appreciate the help.
MaryBeth Sorrentino
USDA,Natural Resources Conservation Service
Hammonton, NJ
609-561-3223
609-561-2765 (fax)
Date: Thu, 28 Nov 1996 12:11:49 +0930
From: meissner.tony@wpo.pi.sa.gov.au
Subject: On Farm performance
A colleague of mine, Mark Skewes, at the Loxton Research Centre in Australia had enquired about any people undertaking the
measurement of irrigation performance. We are particularly interested in people and organsiations which are or have undertaken
on farm performance measurement of irrigation practices. We are therefore interested in such measures as yield/vol of water
applied, amount of drainage/unit water applied, the cost of a unit of water etc.
At Loxton we are undertaking such a project to measure on farm irrigation performance. In particular we are looking at such
horticultural crops such as oranges and wine grapes. We have already gathered data on oranges and have performance values
ranging from 2 tonnes/hectare to 12.5 t/ha. Our intention is to visit a number of places if there is some benefit to be gained. This
would take place in April-June of 1997.
We are also interested in people who are promoting best management practices for on farm irrigation management. The
techniques of communicationg this to the irrigator and the rates of adoption, how you measure this are also of interest to us. We
have already gathered some information already from South Africa, Israel and the US, but we are looking for other contacts either
within the countries mentioned or other countries such as Chile, Italy, Spain etc. Our particular interest is in semi-arid areas but
other climatic areas would also be of interest.
If you are involved in any of these activities or know of colleagues who are, please email me at the address below giving contact
information (fax, phone, email).
Tony Meissner
Senior Research Scientist (Irrigation)
Primary Industries, South Australia,
Loxton Research Centre
Loxton SA Australia 5333
Tel: +61 85 959 146
Fax: +61 85 959 180
email: meissner.tony@pi.sa.gov.au
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Thu Nov 28 23:57 EST 1996
Date: Thu, 28 Nov 1996 22:43:57 -0600
Message-Id: <199611290443.AA06556@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 662
Contents:
Water Conditioners ?? (thomson.tony@wpo.pi.sa.gov.au)
Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields (Tim1Utah@aol.com)
Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields (GroAire@aol.com)
Date: Thu, 28 Nov 1996 15:24:04 +0930
From: thomson.tony@wpo.pi.sa.gov.au
Subject: Water Conditioners ??
Internet Survey: Water Conditioners ?
What are the experiences of Discussion Group Members with using Water
Conditioners ?
In South Australia the "Carefree" product (where water passes through tubes
made from an alloy similar to German Silver and containing Nickel 25%,
Copper 40%, Zinc 22% Tin 16%) has been marketed for at least 15 years.
Two additional products have been marketed more recently:
one passes water between permanent magnets
the other passes water through electo magnets.
Marketers of these products do not provide scientific literature which supports
their claims that the products solve every imaginable water quality problem.
I have been told that scientific papers written in Polish and Russian have been
published. Can anyone supply english translations of any reputable papers ?
I have heard that water research establishments exists in Sussex England
(Emerson College), Jarna Sweden and Basle Switzerland where work is being
done on "flow forms" which were first proposed by Rudolf Steiner.
In 1984 the South Australian State Water Laboratory and The Australian
Mineral Development Laboratory (AMDEL) carried out chemical analyses of
water flowing into and and then out from the Carefree conditioner and detected
no changes in the water.
Electron microscope studies showed no change in the water.
The anecdotal evidence reported by many users of water conditioners
contrasts with the scientific analyses.
Many (but not all) irrigators who try water conditioners report observing useful
results:
removal of white staining (salt) on nursery potted plants
on leaf surfaces and on soil surfaces
avoiding the total loss of a salt affected lettuce crop
increasing the water infiltration rate into soil
solution to algae blocking problems
in tubes hydraulically controlling solenoid valves
(CSIRO Wagga Wagga)
solution to iron and iron bacteria problems with drippers.
If these products do solve water quality problems the water industry should be
promoting their correct use: if the products are only preying on gullible
purchasers the water industry should be actively discouraging their sale.
Regards
thomson.tony@pi.sa.gov.au
Date: Thu, 28 Nov 1996 15:20:21 -0500
From: Tim1Utah@aol.com
Subject: Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields
Caution is the word of the day in regards to drip on large turf areas. I have
designed and installed drip in small, irregular shaped turf areas with good
results. However, when working with large sports turf I have seen some
miserable failures. There are many factors to consider:
1.Soils with quick drainage don't provide adequate lateral movement of water
2. Aeration. The pipe has to be buried well below spike depth ( over time the
pipe tend to migrate upwards). In light soils this depth usually causes
problems for upward movement of water to the turf roots.
3. Watermelon stripes. If conditions are not just right, during peak demand,
light and dark green strpies can appear down the field. (dark on top of the
drip tube).
4. Germination and establishment have to be done with overhead systems.
5. Cloging and root intrusion. These will always be a risk, regardless of the
bragging points of different manufacturers.
6. Water quality has to be very good or a sizeable investment in additional
filtration equipment will be needed.
7. Operator error. With new technology increased education of the system
operators will be required.
Date: Thu, 28 Nov 1996 22:31:20 -0500
From: GroAire@aol.com
Subject: Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields
Contact Jim Borchert with the NRCS in Fort Morgan, Colorado. He has personal
experience with a GroAire drip system on turf. We specialize in subsurface
irrigation with forced injection of atmospheric air into the root system to
stimulate root growth and regenerative capabilities.
Contact Jim @
970-867-9605 or 970-867-9659
Dave Enyeart
Senior Engineer
GroAire Irrigation
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Fri Nov 29 23:57 EST 1996
Date: Fri, 29 Nov 1996 22:44:28 -0600
Message-Id: <199611300444.AA16765@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 663
Contents:
Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields (Rodney Ruskin <geoflow1@slip.net>)
Date: Thu, 28 Nov 1996 21:07:20 -0800
From: Rodney Ruskin <geoflow1@slip.net>
Subject: Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields
At 02:14 PM 11/28/96 -0600, Tim1Utah@aol.com wrote:
>Caution is the word of the day in regards to drip on large turf areas. I have
>designed and installed drip in small, irregular shaped turf areas with good
>results. However, when working with large sports turf I have seen some
>miserable failures.
Reply: There is a learning curve for any new technology and several people
have put in systems with little knowledge resulting in failures. Blaming SDI
for these failures is misleading. And, of course, some people will sell
anything at the lowest price and those who buy on price alone are this man's
lawful prey. The fact is that the initial capital cost of SDI for playing
fields is essentially higher than for a sprinkler system, and any attempt to
reduce these capital costs can result in an inadequately functioning system.
But then again I frequently see failures of low cost sprinkler systems even
today.
>There are many factors to consider:
>1.Soils with quick drainage don't provide adequate lateral movement of water
Reply: If you follow the design criteria with respect to soil types given by
Toro, Geoflow and Netafim you will not have a problem.
>2. Aeration. The pipe has to be buried well below spike depth ( over time the
>pipe tend to migrate upwards). In light soils this depth usually causes
>problems for upward movement of water to the turf roots.
Reply: There is considerably less compaction with SDI than there is with
sprinklers.
The water jet aerators will not damage the tube.
If you pulse the system (as is recommended) the upward movement will wet the
surface from at least 9" down even in sand. You need to wet the roots, not
the surface, and grass roots go down a long way except in impermeable soils,
which would be unsuitable for this application with any irrigation system.
>
>3. Watermelon stripes. If conditions are not just right, during peak demand,
>light and dark green strpies can appear down the field. (dark on top of the
>drip tube).
Reply: This is usually a fertility problem. Fertilize with N-P-K through the
system and the stripes will go away.
>
>4. Germination and establishment have to be done with overhead systems.
Reply: Not true. Hydroseeding works just fine. Sod may require a sprinkler.
>
>5. Clogging and root intrusion. These will always be a risk, regardless of the
>bragging points of different manufacturers.
Clogging: With correct water treatment this is no longer a problem for drip
irrigation surface or SDI.
Root intrusion: I believe that the Geoflow and Toro ROOTGUARD system
(guaranteed by Geoflow for 10 years) is proven beyond any reasonable doubt.
As a competitor who is not in any way well disposed to Netafim, I can assure
you that their Techfilter (indefinite guarantee) will prevent root intrusion
if replaced every second year - as they instruct.
>
>6. Water quality has to be very good or a sizeable investment in additional
>filtration equipment will be needed.
Reply: True of all drip. A good SDI system is not cheap.
>
>7. Operator error. With new technology increased education of the system
>operators will be required.
>
Reply: Salesmen oversell and designers make the errors not the operators. In
fact, as is well recorded, operation of a good well designed SDI system is
easier than a sprinkler system.
There is one point that you missed out. If you have saline water (be careful
with reclaimed water) or saline soil you have to ensure leaching and
drainage. Again just a matter of competence of the designer.
There are too many highly successful playing field systems with SDI, as
pointed out by our leader Richard Mead and others, to doubt the viability of
the technology.
If you want a low initial capital cost then SDI on playing fields is not for
you. If you will not use and pay a competent designer then SDI is not for you.
If the many advantages of SDI are of value to you and you can pay the higher
capital costs of a properly designed system then you will find SDI a great
experience.
Rodney Ruskin
Geoflow1@slip.net
End of Digest
>From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sat Nov 30 23:59 EST 1996
Date: Sat, 30 Nov 1996 22:46:59 -0600
Message-Id: <199612010446.AA23962@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 664
Contents:
Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields (grapegrower <grapegrower@earthlink.net>)
Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields (Tim1Utah@aol.com)
Date: Sat, 30 Nov 96 09:10:23 -0800
From: grapegrower <grapegrower@earthlink.net>
Subject: Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields
I don't understand all the discussion... contact Purdue university. They
developed the STANDARD on football feild type installations 15 years ago
and have been perfecting it since. Everyone else is just guessing or
firing in the dark.
Date: Sat, 30 Nov 1996 12:31:58 -0500
From: Tim1Utah@aol.com
Subject: Re: Drip Irrigation on Athletic Fields
My earlier comments about problems with SDI in sports turf has caused a
little excitment. I am not anti SDI by any strech of the imagination.
However, The concerns that I brought up are valid real life concerns that
need to be addressed. Anyone who belives otherwise is either inexperienced or
a salesman (a joke! :). Mr. Ruskin answered many concerns and brought up ways
to help deal with them, great! I never said the problems were insurmountable,
just that they are valid problems with any brand system. If someone is
considering SDI in a sports turf, the concerns I listed HAVE to be addressed.
Every type of irrigation system has advantages and disadvantages. A
competent designer will address any challenges a system has and use the
appropriate technology to best serve the site's needs. Sometimes site
problems are best solved through the use of SDI or other types of drip and
yes, somtimes it is best handled with overhead sprinklers. Somtimes sports
turf CAN be watered with SDI and sometimes due to site, water, soil and
managemnet practices it is not the best choice.
End of Digest
Prepared by Steve Modena, AB4EL
Suggestions and comments to: modena@SunSITE.unc.edu