Archive TRICKLE-L: file log9501, part 1/1, size 231505 bytes:

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Thanks you for your message and this wonderful list about irrigation. I am
new here, but I am enjoying your discussion very much. I have a question to
begin a new discussion, although is less technical that the discussion that
everybody read here. Well, this is the question. I am interested to know
about the experience with water rights or disputes for water in arid zones
as Arzona, Texas, California, New Mexico or other countries as Mexico or
North Africa. I am interesting to know how any kind of farmer deal with
problem about the use of water, where there are more that two person
claming the right to use surface or ground water for irrigation. How you
deal with people that claim that have, for example in the
old territories of Mexico in United State, water concession prior these times?
Well I hope that these questiones were clear enough. Any comments?

If somebody is wondering why I ask these question, is because my specialization
is in historical irrigation, especially the 19th century, and how this
period influences water patterns of use and management in irrigation systems.
Thank
thanks for your
time, Marisol Ramos. SUNY at Albany
in%mr2190.albny.bitnet

I am an irrigation specialist working at the Department of
Agricultural Engineering at the University of Florida. I have been
following the discussion on this list for the past few months and
I have some questions I would like to ask you.

We are planning an experiment on application of leachate from an
anaerobic digester as a source of liquid fertilizer in vegetable
production. The digester is used for a treatment of food waste and
the experiment will be (most likely) set up on an organic farm.
Most of the liquid will be applied through the sprinklers but we
would also like to experiment with microirrigation. In Florida's
sandy soils, the drip line is usually placed directly under the
mulch (plastic) or buried no deeper than 1-2". We are expecting a
lot of problems with bacterial clogging of emitters. I would expect
that the chlorine treatment can be a problem on an organic farm
(?). For that reason, I want to know where I can find more
information on ozone treatment. If Ed Martin could send me some
info on his work it would be fantastic! It would save me some time
looking for information about the ozone systems. Ed, who are you
dealing with in Arizona? Can I just send you a personal message to
your address?

The other possibility I have been thinking about is the use of
pulse irrigation with high flow rate emitters to minimize clogging.
Any suggestions on the type, brand, etc.? Any experience with high
nutrient content solutions without the chlorine treatment?

Does anybody compared some drip emitters for this type of use?
Any advice on emitter selection?

Thanks.

Dorota Haman

Regarding> use of pulse irrigation with high flow rate emitters to minimize
clogging. <
My only observation on this is that high flow rate emitters will not clog as
much as lower flow rate emitters, yet I don't know differences on brand
names, YET, I will do my best to investigate this.
Thanks for the great questions!

R. Mead

A curiosity type question:

I assume that the use of ozone requires an on-demand generator...
the appropriate heavy-duty HVAC and fenced off area.

Would hydrogen peroxide be a suitable substitute? It comes to mind
because H2O2 is commercially available. Is H2O2 an effective
bacterial/algal/fungus suppressive agent in trickle systems?
--
Steve Modena modena@SunSITE.unc.edu in Raleigh, NC

Dorota,

If you want, just give me a call at (602) 568-2273. I would be more
than happy to share what we have here. We just completed the first
phase of the study and the ozone looks promising. However, I'm afraid
that there is still much work to be done to show its usefulness on a
commercial scale. However, the more the merrier!! So give me a call
and we can talk and I'll put you in touch with the ozone company I'm
working with.

Ed

Dear Sirs:

I think an Ozone Generator could be used to inject ozone into the
irrigation system, The amount of application is limited by the output of the
generator, of course. It currently is being applied to domestic water
systems.

H2O2's stability is in question. Expense for large applications may be
prohibative.

Hello Dorota!
I am Jim Brigham, previously from Florida and a Gator graduate. I am
currently District Manager of Netafim Irrigation, Inc. in the SW US.

Please contact Fred Harned in our Orlando (ZephirH@aol.com) or at
800-393-1414. He or Yossi Ingber at same number may be of help to you
regarding you questions.

I'll look forward to talking to you and this other members of this
interesting list throughout 1995! Please say hello for me to Alan Smajstrla.
He was my main professor at UF while I was an undergrad.

Jim Brigham
Netafim Irrigation, Inc.

Hello
What are the potential corrosive effects of ozone on other irrigation
components, especially steel and/or cast iron (filters, valves, etc?)

I currently am using a netafim irrigation system for my blueberries. I
just put it in last year, and would appreciate any updated information
regarding its uses, modifications, etc. I have the basic information given
to me by the retail supplier.
I am also interested as to the durability of the netafim drip line in cold
Wisconsin winters. Thank you.

Charles Enwald

In Response to MR2190

Who wrote:" I am interested to know
>about the experience with water rights or disputes for water in arid >zones
as Arzona, Texas, California, New Mexico or other countries as >Mexico or
North Africa."

I Live in Sierra Vista, Arizona and right now there is a big fight going on
between local enviromentalist and the BLM against Ft. Hauchuka and local
developers. The San Pedro Conservation area is one of the few remaining
riperian areas in Arizona and there are now developing sink hole here. The
fort is growing as well as the area around it. With the loss of 99% of the
riperian areas from a hundred years ago. I can well understand the concern.
This controvercy will be raging for years and now that a Pheonix enviromental
group has brought a Law suit against the fort things are really starting to
heat up..

If you need anymore info please feel free to contact me.. I know a lot of the
folks involved and I can get more detailed info for those who ask..

Well thats all for now..Keep and growing..

Tim (Aliase the Aztec Thrush)

Is it possible that ozone could become a local air quality problem?
That would probably depend on how much was applied, how much got out
of the soil, and how often it was used.

Tom Hodges Cropping Systems Modeler ___ ___
USDA-ARS / \_/ \
Rt. 2, Box 2953-A Telephone: 509-786-9207 | |
Prosser, WA 99350 Fax: 509-786-9370 \______/^\/
USA potato tuber
============= thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu ========================
...photosynthesis makes the world go around... Mr. Potato Head

I am a table grape farmer in the Coachella Valley, CA. I've been noticing
e-mails regarding o-zone for the last few weeks. What the heck will o-zone
injected into my system do for me? Thanks in advance. Robert Carian

Please send flyer! 619 398-2555

Also in response to those interested in Water Rights issues, The Edwards
Aquafir in S. Central Texas is currently going through major legal battles
about who is allowed to use it. It is the sole water source for the growing
city and surrounding area of San Antonio.

The Sierra Club filed suit in Federal Court and won based on the Endangered
Species Act since there are some plants and salamanders unique to the local
spring-outfall ecosystems that could become endangered due to declining
spring flows vis-a-vis declining aquafir levels.

The Edwards is also supply to some 60,000 acres of irrigated agriculture,
mostly west of San Antonio. It's the familiar battle of few ag votes vs.
high population areas in Water Legislation. This is a very complicated and
involved issue. I recommend that you call the Texas Department of
Agriculture at 512-463-7476 for more info.

Thanks you for the information, I really what to get more about this
theme, but specially if somebody know something about conflict between
water consesions gave to hispanic people before the integration of these
states (Texas, California, New Mexico, Baja California, etc...) to the U.S.
and other people that were or are interested in the same water for irrigation
purpose, for example. Thanks, Marisol Ramos, MR2190.albny.bitnet

You might want to move this thread. i would recommend aglaw listserver.
Attorneys, law professors, and others interested in laws relating to
agriculture subscribe to this group and your question might get
some good responses.

Address is aglaw-l@acc.wuacc.edu, however you might have to subscribe first.
This is done by sending message: subscribe aglaw-l <first name><last name>,
Nothing should be put in the subject line, and the address to subscribe is
either listproc@acc.wuacc.edu or substitute listserv for listproc.
Goodluck
Stewart Swanson

Thank you for the information. I am an Environmental Scientist working for a
contractor to the U.S. Department of Energy in the state of Washington.
Currently, I am dealing with industrial discharges to ground but as of late
have become intrigued with non-point discharges (i.e., irrigation run-off).
Additionally, I grew up on a small farm in Idaho and hope to farm someday,
applying what I have learned along the way.

I hope to be able to contribute in the future but for now I am playing catch
up. Up to this point, I find the discussions very interesting. It has
already been enlightening.

Thomas Moon
Environmental Scientist
Westinghouse Hanford Company
Richland, Washington 99352

Mr. Moon,
Thank you for the response. I have attended a couple of seminars on
ground water pollution and river non-point pollution at UW-Stevens Point
(Wisconsin). I currently am raising raising blueberries and using drip
irrigation. If I can be of any help or interest feel free to contact me.
Sincerely,

Charles Enwald

There is a good review article in the latest edition of "Agricultural Water
Mangement Journal" by Dr. Jan van Schilfgaarde entitled "Irrigation - a
blessing or a curse" (Ag Water Mngmnt 25 -1994: 203-219). For those of you
who do not know Dr. van Schilfgaarde, he is one of the most prominant
irrigation/drainage scientists in the world. This paper is based on the Abel
Wolman Distinguished Lecture series presented June 29, 1992 at the National
Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
The reason I refer to it and suggest reading it if interested, is the last
two paragraphs of his concluding remarks eluding to subsurface drip
irrigation.

and I quote:
"Irrigation has made major contributions in the past, continuing through this
day, to feeding the world and to rationalizing the use of limited natural
resources for the common wealth; but in the process, warts have arisen and
inequities have appeared and unneeded insults to the environment have
occured."

"These problems have been identified before and, in most instances, work is
underway to find solutions or, at least, to minimize the problems. An
elaborate list of technologies has been developed to increase the quality of
mangement in irrigation and thus optimize the benefits while constraining the
insults. For example, highly sophisticated and carefully controlled
subsurface drip irrigation can increase typical crop yields manyfold while
minimizing adverse off-site effects;cynicism about this 'pie-in-the-sky'
technology is slowly yielding to the realization that its adoption not only
helps the environment but also can put money in the farmer's pocket."

This article also has excellent references regarding irrigation, salinity and
water resource problems. Agricultural Water Management journal is published
by Eksevier Science Publishers B.V. Amsterdam.

Richard Mead
Trickle-L list owner

Thank you for the note about the interesting article. As a salesperson for
Netafim in Texas and the SW, I find it difficult many times to convince
farmers and irrigation dealers that SSDI can, indeed, increase yields,
decrease costs and is more environmentally friendly than more traditional
irrigation techniques.

I attended the High Plains Irrigation Conference this week in Amarillo and
there was a tremendous amount of interest in SSDI, mostly due to this year's
drought and falling water tables. Feddie Lamm from KSU presented some
interesting info regarding his 5 yr. research of SSDI on corn. He says, with
several fairly reasonable assumptions, that if you are currently producing
175 bu/ac of corn with a pivot, you will increase your profits and use less
water if you can increase yield by about 20 bu/ac/yr for a 10 yr period. He
has produced about 210 bu/ac for his 5 yr study. Thought you might be
interested to know.
There is also quite a bit of interest in the Tx. Panhandle lately for cotton
and pasture grasses and alfalfa.

Jim Brigham, District Manager
Netafim Irrigaiton,. Inc.
311 Nautilus Ave
Austin, Tx. 78738
512-261-3007
512-261-3402

The Netafim technical staffmember closest to you is Mr. Doug Foster, not yet
on-line (but soon)! He should be a good source for the most current
scheduling and fertigation techniques, as well as new product developments.
He can be reached in Chicago at (708) 820-9292.

Netafim dripperlines are extruded from a Union Carbide linear low density
polyethylene which has proven durable for at least my ten years of experience
in the climes of Wisconsin, and even Quebec. There are usually portions of a
drip system which must be protected from freezing temperatures, valves,
filters, or other components made of PVC or metal, for instance, should
certainly be drained. Again, Doug should be helpful if you would like
detailed winterizing recommendations.

I believe I saw some Ozone injections systems used in the large greenhouse
ranges in the Netherlands. This was about four years ago, but it makes sense
as the Netherlands is generally well advanced in their demands upon water
quality. I will look further into the mechanisms and results, then report
back.

Anyone interested in ozone injection should check with Angelo Mazzei, who
invented the Mazzei injectors and is quite interested in ozone. His phone
is 805-845-2253.

We have done a little bit of work with ozone here at Cal Poly (San Luis
Obispo) and it is almost immediately clear that it isn't economical as a
bacteriacide. Furthermore, the wide range of plugging problems often
necesitates that a broad-brush line cleaner/chemical be injected.

Hi Tom,

You probably don't remember me, but I used to work with Joe Ritchie at
Michigan State University. I hope all is well.

There really isn't any air quality problems. The ozone is injected
directly into the irrigation line and breaks down rather quickly. Also,
the ozone is generated, not stored, so the possibility of a large
release of ozone is not a problem.

Ed Martin

> We have done a little bit of work with ozone here at Cal Poly (San Luis
> Obispo) and it is almost immediately clear that it isn't economical as a
> bacteriacide. Furthermore, the wide range of plugging problems often
> necesitates that a broad-brush line cleaner/chemical be injected.

This may be true, but if chlorine is taken off the market (a
possibility), ozone may be an alternative. Also, my initial tests
were not over a long period of time and I think we need to test this
concept further.

Ed Martin

Netafim Irrigation Inc. is holding a drip irrigation design seminar in Fresno
on Feb. 6th,7th, and 8th at the Piccadilly Inn, University.

The school has been given to about 400 people over the years and has been
well received. Topics include system economics, engineering and agronomic
criteria for emitter selection, use and design of system components (valves,
filtration, pumps, air/vac. relief etc.), system maintenance, basic
hydraulics and training on our latest version of our system design software
and drip irrigation economic analysis software.
Included will be a one day hands-on seminar relating to the use and
troubleshooting of valves and filters at CIT.

The charge for the seminar is $50.00 to offset the cost of the included
design manual and lunches. For information and an itinerary, please call
David Press at 209-453-6800 (Pacific Time). Or call or e-mail me at the
address below.

Jim Brigham, District Manager
Netafim Irrigation, Inc.
512-261-3007
512-261-3402 fax
txgator@aol.com

Mr. Enwald,

I am still learning about trickle and drip type irrigation systems. On my
father's small farm in Idaho, it was irrigation tubes over the ditch bank and
down the row to soak a while.

I watched on the Discovery channel with interest, a vineyard which controlled
water flow by a computer that opened and closed the valves on command. My
father, were he alive today, would be utterly astounded. Any hints on where
I can find more literature on these subjects so that I don't appear quite so
ignorant to all of the rest of you folks?

Thanks,

Tom Moon

The Irrigation Training and Research Center (ITRC) at California
Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly), San Luis Obispo, has the following
training aids available:

1. Drip/Microirrigation for Trees, Vines and Row Crops. 261 p. Authors:
Charles Burt and Stuart Styles. Pub. date: Nov. 1994. This book provides
new and practical information on surface drip, microsprayers, and also on
subsurface drip for row crops and trees/vines. It includes several
complete design examples. Cost: $34.95 + tax/shipping

2. General Filtration video. About 28 minutes long. Completed 10/94.
Covers reservoirs, pre-filtration, gravity overflow screens, sand
separators, tubular screens, media tanks, disc filters, rotary cleaning
tubular screens, and specialty designs. Cost: $19.95 + tax/shipping

3. Media Filter video. About 30 minutes long. Completed 10/94. Covers
applications, media selection, underdrain designs, accessory hardware,
backflush adjustments, initial cleaning procedures, tank materials,
coatings, and pressure ratings. Cost: $19.95 + tax/shipping

4. Drip Hose Hydraulics. Macintosh or DOS format. Compeleted 11/94.
Determines emitter pressures and flows along a hose, flow rates if you
specify hose inlet pressure, and inlet pressure if you specify flow rates.
Analyzes flows and pressures for tape flushing. Specify 3.5" or 5.25"
disk. Cost: $35.00 + tax/shipping

5. Drip/Microirrigation Evaluation Software. Revised 1/95.
Compatible with WINDOWS, v. 3.0 or higher. Revision of successful Cal Poly
program used in thousands of evaluations in the Southwest U.S. for over 10
years. The industry standard for field evaluations. Incorporates the
concept of global uniformity to include pressure differences, plugging, and
other flow variation causes, as well as non-uniformity due to unequal
spacing/scheduling and line drainage. Computed Distribution Uniformity.
Cost: $49.95 + tax/shipping.

Tax: 7.25% in California
Shipping: varies depending upon U.S. or oversead location, and amount.

For more information, FAX to 805 756-2433, or return e-mail., or call (805)
756-2434.

The Cal Poly (San Luis Obispo) Irrigation Training and Research Center
(ITRC) will provide a class on "Irrigation System Evaluation".

Dates: March 22-24, 1995
and
Sept. 6-8, 1995

Duration: 2.5 days

Cost: $200

Description: 2.5 day course which combines classroom (50%) with outdoor
laboratory (50%) activities. Efficiency definitions and techniques of
evaluating agricultural irrigation systems are emphasized, ranging from how
to take a pressure measurement to what specific measurements are needed for
evaluation of six distinct irrigation methods (furrow, border strip, hand
move/side roll sprinkler, linear move sprinkler, undertree sprinkler, and
drip/mciro) These systems can be "tuned up" to conserve water and power
and to maintain adequate surface water and groundwater qualities.
Efficiency concepts as related to water transfers are also covered.

This course has been provided to irrigation professionals twice/year since
1984, with funding by the California Dept. of Water Resources. It utilizes
the excellent outdoor irrigation teaching facilities at Cal Poly.

The California Dept. of Pesticide Regulation allows 20 hours of PCA credit
for this class.

Registration is limited to 35 persons. There are already over 20 persons
signed up for the March class.

For more information, contact the ITRC at:
phone: (805) 756-2434
FAX: (805) 756-2433
or reply to this e-mail address

Recipients receive updated WINDOWS software as part of the class.

Does anyone know of a physically based numerical model that can be used to
assess subsurface drip irrigation and includes crop growth, nitrogen and/or
pesticide components. The model should be at least two-dimensional.

Pete Waller
waller@ccit.arizona.edu

>Does anyone know of a physically based numerical model that can be used to
>assess subsurface drip irrigation and includes crop growth, nitrogen and/or
>pesticide components. The model should be at least two-dimensional.
>
>Pete Waller
>waller@ccit.arizona.edu

I don't know if this what you are looking for, but have you considered the
EPIC model? There isn't anything geared up specifically for subsurface
drip that I'm aware of, but the EPIC model has been used in the Salinas
Valley on some studies of drip on lettuce, I believe.

It probably has a large error regarding some pesticides, however, if the
pesticides are applied through the drip subsurface. That's because the
fixation would be different.

Charles Burt
Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo

Pete Waller,

There is a www server running with a very good list and links of
different mathematical modells. Try the following URL.

http://dino.wiz.uni-kassel.de/ecobas.html

I forwarded your message to Dr. Joachim Benz (benz@wiz.uni-kassel.de)
who is running that server (site).
I hope this will be of some help to you.

According to Charles M. Burt:
>To: Multiple recipients of list <trickle-l@unl.edu>
>Subject: Re: Modeling Aaaagh
>
>>Does anyone know of a physically based numerical model that can be used to
>>assess subsurface drip irrigation and includes crop growth, nitrogen and/or
>>pesticide components. The model should be at least two-dimensional.
>>
>>Pete Waller
>>waller@ccit.arizona.edu
>
>I don't know if this what you are looking for, but have you considered the
>EPIC model? There isn't anything geared up specifically for subsurface
>drip that I'm aware of, but the EPIC model has been used in the Salinas
>Valley on some studies of drip on lettuce, I believe.
>
>It probably has a large error regarding some pesticides, however, if the
>pesticides are applied through the drip subsurface. That's because the
>fixation would be different.
>
>Charles Burt
>Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo
>
>
>
Thomas Stein
______________________________________________________________________________

Thomas-M. Stein
University of Kassel (FB11) Phone : (+49)-5542-98-1632
Dep. of Rural Engineering and Fax : (+49)-5542-98-1588
Natural Resource Protection Email : stein@wiz.uni-kassel.de
Nordbahnhofstr. 1a WWW : http://www.wiz.uni-kassel.de/kww
D-37213 Witzenhausen (FRG) List owner: IRRIGATION-L at LISTSERV@vm.gmd.de
______________________________________________________________________________

Two new 2-D models are SWMS-2D (J. Simunek, M. Sejna, and M. van
Genuchten; U.S. Salinity Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Riverside, CA), and
UNSATCHEM-2D (D. L. Suarez, J. Simunek, and M. Sejna; also from the
Salinity Lab). Both have a very nice MS Windows 3.1 interface and an
interactive triangular mesh generator. The demos that I observed at
the 1994 Soil Science meetings in Seattle were very impressive.

SWMS-2D simulates water flow and solute transport. UNSATCHEM-2D
simulates water flow and the chemistry of major ions within the soil.
I don't know if a plant growth routine in implemented in these models.
According to the meeting abstracts, Donald Suarez can be contacted at
(909) 369-4816.

The geometry of a raised bed and the line-source nature of the drip
line definitely requires a 2-D model. I am not an expert, so I
suggest that you post your message to the AGMODELS-L listerserver at
agmodels-l@unl.edu where you might find additional ideas.

Jim Knuteson
jknuteson@elinet1.dowelanco.com

>
> Does anyone know of a physically based numerical model that can be used to
> assess subsurface drip irrigation and includes crop growth, nitrogen and/or
> pesticide components. The model should be at least two-dimensional.
>
> Pete Waller
> waller@ccit.arizona.edu
>
>
Dear Pete,

You should contact Dennis Timlin at USDA-ARS Systems
Research Labs in Beltsville MD (email: DTIMLIN@ASRR.ARSUSDA.GOV).
He is a contact person and developer for 2DSOIL which is a
modular 2D soil,water, chemical, plant model.

--
Sincerely,

Jerome Pier
Post-Doctoral Research Assistant
Biological Systems Engineering, Univ. Nebraska - Lincoln
jp@unl.edu

> I am a table grape farmer in the Coachella Valley, CA. I've been noticing
> e-mails regarding o-zone for the last few weeks. What the heck will o-zone
> injected into my system do for me? Thanks in advance. Robert Carian

Robert,

I don't know if anyone has responded to you about this. At this point,
I'm not sure what ozone will do. So far, other studies have established
ozone as an effective biocide. It is used in many commercial
operations. Some companies use ozone to kill bacteria because it is
more effective than chlorine (kills a wider array of bacteria). Others
use it becaus it is safer than chlorine. In one instance, a company
replaced chlorine with ozone just to decrease the amount of liability
insurance it needed to have.

So, to make a long story short, I think it would provide adequate
cleaning for a drip system. However, would it be economical, I don't
know. Also, we are looking into whether ozone can be used to cleanout a
system already contaminated. Since ozone has a realitively short life
span in water (about 3 to five minutes), it may not have the capacity to
kill bacteria already present in the lines.

Hope this helps.

Ed Martin

For those of you wanting to view all discussions posted during the month
of December last year, it is now available.
Send: GET TRICKLE LOG9412
To: listserv@unl.edu

The log includes; Chlorine/ozone initial debates, ftp site
introduction/instructions, year end summary, and misc. things like Santa
Claus existance.

R. Mead
List owner

Please excuse a mistake in my previous posting.
To obtain the log records of Dec-94:

send: get trickle-l log9412
to: listserv@unl.edu

Previous posting said: <trickle log9412>. This is wrong,
needs that extra "-l" at end of trickle.

A thousand pardons!!!

R. Mead
list owner

Dennis has been putting soybean (GLYCIM) and potato (SIMPOTATO)
into 2dsoil, a version of the SWMS-2D model. He is at
dtimlin@ncsr.arsusda.gov

Tom

Tom Hodges Cropping Systems Modeler ___ ___
USDA-ARS / \_/ \
Rt. 2, Box 2953-A Telephone: 509-786-9207 | |
Prosser, WA 99350 Fax: 509-786-9370 \______/^\/
USA potato tuber
============= thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu ========================
...photosynthesis makes the world go around... Mr. Potato Head

On Wed, 11 Jan 1995, Jim Knuteson, Ph.D., DowElanco wrote:

> Two new 2-D models are SWMS-2D (J. Simunek, M. Sejna, and M. van
> Genuchten; U.S. Salinity Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Riverside, CA), and
> UNSATCHEM-2D (D. L. Suarez, J. Simunek, and M. Sejna; also from the

> I don't know if a plant growth routine in implemented in these models.
> According to the meeting abstracts, Donald Suarez can be contacted at
> (909) 369-4816.

Could someone on this list please e-mail, or post, a response if there is
there a comprehensive list of agricultural/food oriented listservs,
newsgroups, WWWsites, etc. somewhere on Internet? Thanks.

Warren E. Clark, President
Clark Consulting International, Inc.
14N921 Lac Du Beatrice
West Dundee, IL 60118-3115
Tel: 708-836-5100/Fax: 708-836-5140/Internet: AGPR@aol.com
**Providing worldwide agricultural/food, editorial, public relations, and
marketing services consulting**

P.S. If you know any ag or food writers on Internet who like research, writing
and editing, please let them know we'd like to talk with them about becoming
part of our growing worldwide network of on-line freelance writers... Thanks.

New Member response

This is an interesting group,

I am an Ag. Engr. with the USDA Water Management Research
Lab in Fresno, Ca. I work with Dr. Jim Ayars on issues
related to quantifying crop uptake of saline groundwaters.
Experience with SDI systems consists of a project installed
on 24.3 ha. on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley in
cooperation with a local ranch. Drip laterals were buried
at a depth of 38 - 46 cm. and spaced at 168 cm. for that
year's processing tomato row crop. The project was operated
for two more years after installation, one with cotton and
the last with tomato again. Results showed increased
yields, yet not up to our previous experience at this lab
with this system. Problems encountered were two-fold.
First, the ranch decided to plant subsequent crops on
seedbed spacings different than those used when the system
was installed . This variation in lateral-to-plant row
orientation resulted in an accumulation of salinity where
the wetting fronts from the laterals met underneath plant
rows. Cultivation damage also occurred as implements passed
too close to laterals located under furrows (at shallower
depths). Second, a pocket gopher infestation developed in
the field. The result was the same as occurred with surface
drip systems and coyotes. Numerous chew holes required
repair through each season. Repairs from the two sources
totaled approx. 135 each season. These repairs were
deemed necessary to prevent surface runoff. Other leaks
were apparent but beyond the resources of the project to
address. From other discussions, it appears plausible that
the gopher infestation was a result of migration from an
adjacent alfalfa field. This may not be the optimal depth
at which to bury SDI laterals. How deep do gophers burrow?
What has been anyone else's experience with these issues ?

Thank You for the info.
Rob Carian

> From other discussions, it appears plausible that
>the gopher infestation was a result of migration from an
>adjacent alfalfa field. This may not be the optimal depth
>at which to bury SDI laterals. How deep do gophers burrow?
>What has been anyone else's experience with these issues ?
>

I recently took a course in vertabrate control. According to to book,
Wildlife Pest Control Around Homes and Gardens, gophers usually
hang out in the 6"-12" depths. However they also stated that protection
with a wire mesh 2' above and below ground was less than perfect.
I have ordered a book and CD-Rom on vertebrate pest management. When
I get it I see if they have any more info.
===========================================================================
Tim Parichan | Steph Said "Daddy, do you think
Tim Parichan Farms, inc. | Jerry is Santa Claus"
P. O. Box 9480 | I said "I can't think of a better
Fresno, Ca. 93711 | Choice"
kluko@cerfnet.com | Peace to All
tparich@CATI.CSUFresno.EDU |
===========================================================================

To resolve any confusion, the correspondence from jxts60e

was from me, not my wife! I was in paper-writing mode, not

letter. To continue the discussion briefly, Richard Mead

is working on a project where drip tubing is buried approx.

60cm. under alfalfa. -->Rick Schoneman<--

I am looking for additional technical information regarding the following
chemicals:

1. Medium-chain polyphosphates
2. Long chain linear polyphosphates
3. Polymaleic polymers
4. Combining citric acid with copper sulfate

Specifically, I would like to get more details about the specific
formulations available (for example, Monsato's medium-chain polyphosphate)
and their properties as applied to water treatment and specifically to
keeping drip lines clean. In addition, I want to learn more about the
following applications:

Polyphosphates are in some commercial solutions sold to keep calcium and
magnesium carbonates from precipitating

Polymaleic polymers sequester iron and manganese, to prevent their
precipitation with various cations. They also "descale" some calcium and
magnesium precipitates.

Evidently copper sulfate is made many (100??) times more effective if
combined with citric acid.

Does anyone have hard information on these items?

Thanks.

Charles Burt
Cal Poly ITRC

At the local County Ag office, you can purchase seed treated with various
poisins. A gopher machine is made and should be available. It is basically
a seeder. A shank runs @ 8-12" deep or deeper. At the bottom of the shank
should be a solid cylinder that will form a very soft "tunnel". The seed is
deposited in that soft tunnel. Make 3 or 4 passes on the property between
yor dirt and the alfalfa just before they irrigate. As the gophers flee the
irrigated Alfalfa they will find this soft tunnel and always will follow the
easiest digging path. They will eat the seed and die. @ treatments will
control @ 95% of the population. Hope it helps. Rob Carian

I'm looking for any info regarding yields and specific economic
considerations regarding row crops. Of interest are: peanuts, corn, milo,
sugar beets, potato, cotton etc. Any discussion and experience with the
econmic feasibility on these crops is appreciated.
Thanks, Jim

What is filtragation? The term came from the Israeli Institute for Desert
Research. It is a relatively new concept using subsurface drip irrigation to
dispose of secondary sewage effluent. Since turf (school play yards, median
strips, commerical properties, even golf courses) and other non-edible
vegetation are irrigated, and at times not efficiently, this new idea can
lend itself to the growing trend in reclaiming water, specifically for urban
landscapes.
Florida, Arizona and California are taking the lead in this concept. If one
was to use sprinklers or bubblers to deliver effluent, one would need to have
a higher level or treatment. When using subsurface drip (if done correctly),
there is no direct contact of the water to humans. Apparently, soil microbes
eliminate the majority of viruses and bacteria. Research in the city of Los
Angles has found that a SSDI system buried at 15 cm (6 in.) lead to no
surfacing of pathogens at the ground surface.
This concept could catch on in high water table areas, low permeable soils,
and sloping terrain where spetic tanks are not feasible. All this information
I've come across in several irrigation related articles and the idea sounds
great, but I have some questions:

1) How would one filter this "effluent", especially at the secondary level
?..(that's 2 steps up from raw sewage folks)
2) Seems to me this stuff would create emitter clogging or am I wrong?
3) Obviously this concept/practice is for urban use now, yet is there
potential for agricultural users? Crops would have to be specific (cotton and
alfalfa would be preferable over root-tuber crops such as potatoes or carrots
for obvious reasons). Also the field in question would have to be relatively
near a metropolitan sewage treatment plant, right? With urban sprawl the way
it is these days, alot of areas would not be a problem.
4) What about heavy metals? Are we assuming the soil could clean everything?
5) For you amatuer sanitarians out there, how much money would this disposal
of waste water be if the tertiary process were eliminated?

Hope you're enjoying this "stinking" issue.

Richard Mead
Soil Scientist / List owner
USDA-ARS-WMRL
2021 South Peach
Fresno, CA. 93727
ph: 209-453-3109
fx: 209-453-3122

For some time I have been reading with some interest but now find a subject
that is a little closer to my field of work. No not sewerage, but turfgrass
management and designing irrigation systems.

Richard has raised a few good questions which I too would like to see the
answers to. May I add a few more :

a) How is even distribution achieved in order to achieve even coloring of
the turfgrass ?

b) If there wee to be a nutrient imbalance how would this be corrected when
constantly using treated water ?

Peter Leroy
Ground Manager
Sydney Cricket & Football Stadiums
Australia
peter@scgt.oz.au

One of our first subscribers and main instigators of Trickle-l (Jerome Pier)
has just recently published a paper in the Journal of Environmental Quality
(24:79-86). The paper is entitled "Concurrent Evaluation of Agronomic,
Economic, and Environmental Aspects of Trickle-Irrigated Watermelon
Production". I will attempt to give a Readers Digest review of the paper. I
hope Jerome will let me know if anything is misrepresented or inaccurate.

The study was performed at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural
Center. Chapin twin-wall tubing having 23 cm (9 in) spaced emitters with 4
L/hr (1 gph) output was buried 20 cm (8 in.) deep in the center of 2 m (80
inch) beds. The soil was a Casa Grande sandy loam. After the watermelon was
planted, there were five applications of Urea-NH4-NO3 fertilizer at rates
ranging from 60 to 500 kg/ha (~lbs/ac). Tensiometers were installed midway
between melon plants at 30 and 60 cm (1 & 2 ft.) depths. Different irrigation
treatments were based on three levels of soil moisture which were monitored
by the tensiometers, specifically the tensiometers at 30 cm (1 ft.). The soil
moisture levels were 4, 7 and 12 kPa (-6, -10 and -25 psi, respectively).

Maximum yields of over 100 Mg/ha (tons/acre) occured when average soil water
tension was 7.2 kPa (~-10.5 psi) and fertilizer N applied at 336 kg/ha
(lbs/acre).
The yield level was nearly three times the Arizona state average!! It was
also found that keeping the soil water tension between 7 and 17 kPa (-10 to
-25 psi) and 60 to 315 kg of N/ha (lb/acre) resulted in 95% of calculated
maximum marketable yield, while limiting soil-water NO3-N (nitrate)
concentration below the root zone to below 10 mg NO3-N/Liter (ppm). This
paper suggests that subsurface trickle-irrigation using good scheduling
techniques with known optimum N fertilzer levels, can minimize the risk of
nitrate to groundwater contamination.

One thing worth emphasizing about this paper, is that the overall evaluation
of economic, enviromental and agronomic factors are all integrated. This is a
welcome site, specifically for the Journal of Environmental Quality. Maybe we
will be seeing more economic analysis in agronomic/environmental research
papers. It makes the research more "real world" oriented and beneficial to
the farming/environmental community.

I have a few questions for Jerome:

1) Were your tensiometers hooked up automatically/electronically to a
controler to schedule irrigations?
2) Did you have problems with the tensiometers in the sandy loam soil?
3) I know you placed the tensiometers between melon vines, but where were
they in relation to the buried emitters?
4) Did you encounter a higher quality (less rot) of melon due to a drier
surface during harvest?
5) What is the traditional (sprinkler/furrow) N level on watermelon?
6) Did you establish a crop coefficient for the melons and if so was it
radically different from traditionally irrigated melons?

That's enough for now. If anyone wants to comment on this paper, please feel
free to inject your thoughts.

Richard Mead
Soil Scientist / List owner
USDA-ARS-WMRL
2021 South Peach
Fresno, CA. 93727
ph: 209-453-3109
fx: 209-453-3122

This topic has little to do with drip irrigation but occasionally anyone on
this list can go off on the related tangent of water.

Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have developed a cost
effective method for desalinizing water. In the past, the cost of
desalinization has been prohibitive except for the wealthier coastal cities
or countries. Evaporation or reverse osmosis type technologies are the
standard being as much as 15 times the conventional treatment of fresh water.
This new method of desalinization, which is said to be only 10 years down
the road, involves a recently patented carbon aerogel. The aerogel consists
of using the gel in conjunction with coated electrodes. The electrical
current of the electrodes forces Na and Cl ions from the water to the gel.
Surface area of the gel is slightly smaller than a football field.

I see three potential areas for drip irrigation in this arena:

1) This will help coastal farming communities, specifically the wine
vineyards of central california, Salinas valley and other regions of the
world. It will also reduce the need to import water from other areas via
aqueducts. Reduction of the need to build reserviors would also be a plus.
Water table wells would not have to be drilled.
2) Inland saline sources of water could be purified this way. The Colorado
river (furnishing water to Arizona and California) is moderately saline and
reducing its salinity could help farmers of all irrigation practices.
3) I can imagine this gel-filtration system on a small scale which the farm
irrigation water could be cleansed of sediment (clay, silt, calcite) having
similar charges that salt ions do.

All this is a "Beyond 2000" type topic, yet it does'nt hurt to invision a
positive water future. If anyone knows more about this carbon aerogel, please
post a comment.

Richard Mead
Soil Scientist / List owner
USDA-ARS-WMRL
2021 South Peach
Fresno, CA. 93727
ph: 209-453-3109
fx: 209-453-3122

Netafim has a wastewater division using SSDI to dispose of and reclaim
wastewater. Our division manager is named Yossi Ingber and is available at
800-393-1414. We work with several distributors and engineering firms,
mostly in the S.E. One of them is named Waste Water Systems in Atlanta.
They have been doing a lot of work in this area and have done many small
systems and several large ones as well.
Dr. Bob Rubin (sic) at University of North Carolina has done extensive
research in this area. At Texas A&M, there are several research projects
proposed for funding currently. Bruce Lesiker at the Ag Engineering
Department in College Station is probably the best contact there.

This topic is growing in scope and popularity.

Thanks for your interest.

Did I read this right? 100 tons per acre yield? OUTSTANDIng! At an average
price of $.06/pound represents a gross income of $12,000.00/ acre. How can
we get a copy of this article?

I have been a subscriber for a while. I have had problems
posting. Specifically, what is the address to send replies? Could
that be the problem?

Ask Jerome Pier at UNL. His email address is:

JP@UNLINFO.UNL.EDU

I believe his department can send our reprints. He is at the Biological
Systems Engineering Department at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln.

rm

>One of our first subscribers and main instigators of
>Trickle-l (Jerome Pier)>has just recently published a
>paper in the Journal of Environmental Quality(24:79-86).
>The paper is entitled "Concurrent Evaluation of Agronomic,
>Economic, and Environmental Aspects of Trickle-Irrigated
>Watermelon Production". I will attempt to give a Readers
>Digest review of the paper. I hope Jerome will let me
>know if anything is misrepresented or inaccurate.
>I have a few questions for Jerome:

[summary deleted for the band-width deprived]

>1) Were your tensiometers hooked up automatically
>/electronically to a controller to schedule irrigations?

Although I did monitor tensions with pressure
transducers wired to Campbell 21X data logger at 1/2 hour
intervals in one replication, I did not have the irrigation
controller wired to the tensiometers. This was an eventual
goal of research at U of A but we needed more information
as far as what ideal threshold soil water tensions would
be at certain depths in order to automatically apply
irrigations. Two questions I have had about automatic
scheduling via feedback from tensiometers are:

a) in a large field, where does one place the
tensiometer to get a representative estimate
of soil water tension for the whole field.
b) if one uses more than one tensiometer in the
field to get a better idea of the field
variability, then what sort of algorithm would
one use to switch on the system?

I have always felt that the crop should determine
when irrigation should be applied. The tensiometer, in
my mind, is the best device I can think of to mimic the
energy potential the crop root must work with/against
in order to take up water. I know Dr. Claude Phene has
used/devised automatic feedback controllers for some time
now and I would appreciate his or a colleague's explanation
of how such a system would operate in a large scale cropping
system.

>2) Did you have problems with the tensiometers in the
> sandy loam soil?

Actually, the tensiometers were very well suited
to the sandy loam soil since the coarse textured soil
retained most of its water at low soil water tensions
(ie. the wet end of the soil water release curve). We were
applying daily irrigations so the tensiometers rarely broke
tension and tensions were maintained well below 70 kPa.

>3) I know you placed the tensiometers between melon vines,
>but where were they in relation to the buried emitters?

Since we used T-tape, we had no absolute knowledge
to the actual location of the tape water outlets. Since the
outlets were quite close together in comparison with the
interrow crop spacing and the T-tape is essentially a line
source, we assumed that the tape itself was a linear emmiter
and did not consider proximity to emmiters as a factor.
Let me (attempt to) clarify: the tensiometers were
placed in between two adjacent melon plants and as close
to the tape as possible without puncturing the tape upon
installation. The distribution of water about the tape was
quite uniform in both the longitudinal and latitudinal axes.

>4) Did you encounter a higher quality (less rot) of melon
>due to a drier surface during harvest?

In our dry and optimum irrigation treatments, yes!
But not in the 'wet' treatment in which there was water
-logging of the soil surface. We removed culls as they were
encountered so we have no data on cull weights, numbers etc.

>5) What is the traditional (sprinkler/furrow) N level on
> watermelon?

In Arizona, watermelon is typically furrow irrigated.
Frightening, I know! In addition, N is applied through the
irrigation water. Doubly frightening. I cannot give you an
actual value for traditional fertilization but the 300 -
500 kg/ha range would not be a bad guess. I can dig deeper if
you'd like.

>6) Did you establish a crop coefficient for the melons and
> if so was it radically different from traditionally
> irrigated melons?

Since we were trying a radically different approach
to irrigation scheduling by feedback from tensiometers as
opposed to irrigation by estimates of crop ET and irrigation
replacement, we made no attempt to calculate a crop coefficient.
This could be accomplished with the data we have collected
since we have a weather station on site with adequate data
for estimating potential evapotranspiration. However, the
climatic conditions of Arizona summers are quite stable.
The day to day weather there is quite autocorrelated so that
we could just look to see if tensions were increasing or
decreasing on a day to day basis and adjust our irrigation
amount accordingly. The goal was to maintain a constant day
to day tension at 30 cm measured at the same time each day.
Clearly, an automated system would do an even better job.

>
>That's enough for now. If anyone wants to comment on this
>paper, please feel free to inject your thoughts.
^^^^^^
Richard!!! Pun intended? *grin*

BTW, Dr Doerge and I have a companion article to this one
which discusses more the agronomic and management system aspect
of our research. This article should appear soon in Soil Science
Society of America Journal. I would like to thank you for your
interest in this research and I am thrilled to be able to discuss
it with such a knowledgeable and experienced group as the
subscribers of Trickle-L.

Sincerely,
Jerome Pier
jp@unl.edu

>Richard Mead

--
Sincerely,

Jerome Pier
Post-Doctoral Research Assistant
Biological Systems Engineering, Univ. Nebraska - Lincoln
jp@unl.edu

The last note on this subject mentioned the issue of heavy
metals. Research at the WMRL is being conducted to assess
the viability of plant accumulators in selenium removal from
soils. With the shallow installation depth of such systems,
removal would seem to be more plausible. The other part of
a comprehensive system would be the selection of plants that
accumulate various elements in combination or uniquely.
Dr.Gary Banuelos has conducted experiments on the topic of
selenium removal.
Rick S.

I am a vegetable farmer in Lompoc, Santa Barbara County, CA. So
far I am above the flood line (subject to change). I have
installed about 330 acres of buried permanent drip with some of
that semi-permanent.

I am curious about fertilizer applications. In the past, we
sidedressed twice (or so) and water ran a little at the end. The
P was added as a preplant. Now with injector we can spoon feed
the crops. Is there an agronomic advantage to spoon feeding
Phosphate? Potash? The phosphate that makes it through the tape
is expensive and tends to come late in the crop. My education
(formal and continuing) says that P is needed in the beginning and
does not move. Therefore, the best and cheapest is to spread P
before the crop and play with N in the tape.

I was talking to an Universtiy of Davis extension scientist (I can
get his name tomorrow). He claimed that tissue tests work good at
a deficient levels of P, but are poor at defining the line between
marginal and adequate.

Does anyone have thoughts?

This and the following message cover submission of papers to the
Annual Meetings of the ASA-CSSA-SSSA.

Tom Hodges Cropping Systems Modeler ___ ___
USDA-ARS / \_/ \
Rt. 2, Box 2953-A Telephone: 509-786-9207 | |
Prosser, WA 99350 Fax: 509-786-9370 \______/^\/
USA potato tuber
============= thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu ========================
...photosynthesis makes the world go around... Mr. Potato Head

First Call for Papers
American Society of Agronomy
Crop Science Society of America
Soil Science Society of America
Annual Meetings

Oct. 29-Nov. 3, 1995 St. Louis, Missouri

Application Deadline: April 8, 1995

Background Information
This year's meeting theme is "Gateway to the Future". Members of
the American Society of Agronomy are dedicated to the conservation and
wise use of natural resources to produce food, feed, and fiber crops
while maintaining or improving the environment. For over 86 years,
agronomists throughout the world have recognized the American Society
of Agronomy as their professional home. The Crop Science Society of
America is comprised of scientists interested in all aspects of crop
science including the improvement, culture, management, and utilization
of field crops. Members of the Soil Science Society of America focus
their interest upon soil physics, chemistry, microbiology, fertility,
pedology, conservation, forest soils, mineralogy, and wetlands.
These three Societies were established as independent, autonomous
organizations. Because of their common interests, however, they work
closely together and share the same headquarters office in Madison,
Wisconsin. Total membership is 12,500. Over 4,000 scientists from
throughout the world will attend the 1995 annual meetings in St. Louis.

To Present a Paper in St. Louis
Society regulations require at least one author to hold membership
in the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America,
or Soil Science Society of America. The deadline for registration of
papers is April 8, 1995. Additional program regulations are published
in the Second Call for Papers. The Second Call for Papers will be
published in the Febuary 1995 issue of Agronomy News sent to all Society
members. For non-members to receive a copy of the Second Call for
Papers contact:

ASA, CSSA, SSSA Headquarters Office
Attn: Second Call for Papers
677 South Segoe Road
Madison, WI 53711-1086 USA

Phone: (608) 273-8080
FAX: (608) 273-8089

Individuals desiring to present a paper in the Computer Software
Scene or Division S-1 (Soil Physics) can obtain an EMail registration
form via EMail. Send your EMail request to:

Computer Software Scene potmod@beta.tricity.wsu.edu
Division S-1, Soil Physics rhorton@iastate.edu

These EMail addresses are valid only for individuals wanting to
present their paper in the Computer Software Scene or Division S-1.
All other requests must be made to the ASA, CSSA, SSSA Headquarters
Office at the address shown above.
=========================================================================
Numerous Symposia are organized for each ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting.
Those planned by the Software Scene for 1995 are listed below.

Software Scene:
1. Global Networking and Databases. Oral, Poster, and Computer
demonstrations are invited on use of global computer networks
such as the Internet and use of agronomic databases
available over such networks in agricultural research and
applications. Contact Dr. Wendell Oak (303-282-2473) for
more detailed information. Joint with division A-5.
2. Demonstrations of Internet Resources. What agronomic
resources are available over the Internet? The World Wide Web,
Gopher, FTP, Telnet, Usenet Forums, EMail lists, etc. may be
demonstrated and potential uses/applications in agricultural
production and research. Oral and poster presentations may
also be suitable. Contact Dr. Tom Hodges (509-786-9207,
thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu) for more detailed information.
Joint with division A-1.

3. Development of User Interfaces for Agronomic Models and other
Software Applications. The user interface (appearance) of a
software application has a large effect on the user's ability
to use it easily and correctly. Oral, Poster, and Computer
demonstrations are invited on types of interfaces, principles of
design, interface development tools, and use of interfaces.
Contact Dr. Dennis Timlin (301-504-6255, dtimlin@ncsr.arsusda.gov)
for more detailed information. Joint with division A-1.

These are forms for submitting papers at the 1995 ASA-CSSA-SSSA
Annual Meetings for the Software Scene and Soil Physics Divisions.
Contact the ASA Headquarters for forms to be used for submitting
papers to other divisions.

Tom Hodges

Tom Hodges Cropping Systems Modeler ___ ___
USDA-ARS / \_/ \
Rt. 2, Box 2953-A Telephone: 509-786-9207 | |
Prosser, WA 99350 Fax: 509-786-9370 \______/^\/
USA potato tuber
============= thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu ========================
...photosynthesis makes the world go around... Mr. Potato Head

1995 ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting Title-Summary Form Oct. 29-Nov. 3, 1995
St. Louis, MO

DIRECTIONS: use only English when filling out form. Greek, Latin,
and mathematical symbols are strictly prohibited. This EMail form
is only for use with oral and poster papers submitted to the Soil
Physics division (S01) or Software Scene (C00). For software
demonstration papers, use the form below.

Use additional space as needed in sections below.

1. Method of submission:
___ EMAIL (S-1 and Software Scene only)

2. Division of interest: In which division would you like to present
your paper? See below for list of divisions.

First Choice ___ Second Choice ___

3. Title: Use English only. No Greek, Latin, or Mathematical symbols.
No more than 160 characters.

4. Author Name(s) : Put authors' Initials and Last name. List the
senior author first. Put "*" at end of speaker/presenter's last
name. At least one author of a volunteered paper must hold some
class of membership in ASA, CSSA, or SSSA.

5. Corresponding Author Data (membership number on back cover of
your Agronomy News).
Membership # _____ Phone___-___-____ FAX ___-___-____
First Name __________ M.I. _ Last name _________________________
Address ____________________________________________________________
City __________________ State/Prov __ Zip _____ Country _________
EMail ________________________________________

6. Method of Presentation ___ poster ___ oral

7. Paper Status ___ Volunteered ___ Invited - which division? ___

8. Summary

Return completed form by April 8, 1995 to:
ASA, CSSA, SSSA Headquarters, Attn: Keith Schlesinger; 677 South Segoe
Road; Madison WI 53711-1086 USA

Title-Summary Form Fax: (608) 273-8089 Title Summary forms only
Office phone: (608) 273-8080 ext 322

Questions may be referred to the Office phone or by EMail to:

Software Scene: Tom Hodges thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu
SSSA S-1: Robert Horton rhorton@iastate.edu

==========================================================================
Cut Here
==========================================================================

Software Scene Information Form: For Computer Demonstrations Only

1995 ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting Title-Summary Form Oct. 29-Nov. 3, 1995
St. Louis, MO

DIRECTIONS: use only English when filling out form. Greek, Latin,
and mathematical symbols are strictly prohibited. Send only this
form by FAX by April 8, 1995 to: (608) 273-8089. This fax line is used
exclusively for transmission of Title-Summary Forms. You may also mail
your Title-Summary form by April 8, 1995 to ASA, CSSA, SSSA Headquarters
Office; Attn: Keith Schlesinger, 677 South Segoe Road; Madison WI
53711-1086 USA
Use additional space as needed in sections below.

1. Method of submission:
___ FAX ___ MAIL ___ E-Mail (S-1 or software scene only)

2. Symposium of interest: Is there a Symposium in which you would like
to present your software demonstration?

Name of Symposium: _______________________________________________

3. Title: Use English only. No Greek, Latin, or Mathematical symbols.
No more than 160 characters.

4. Author Name(s) : Put authors' Initials and Last name. List the
senior author first. Put "*" at end of speaker/presenter's last
name. At least one author of a volunteered paper must hold some
class of membership in ASA, CSSA, or SSSA.

5. Corresponding Author Data (membership number on back cover of
your Agronomy News).
Membership # _____ Phone___-___-____ FAX ___-___-____
First Name __________ M.I. _ Last name _________________________
Address ____________________________________________________________
City __________________ State/Prov __ Zip _____ Country _________
EMail ________________________________________

6. Method of Presentation ___ computer demonstration only
Use form above for oral or poster presentations.

7. Paper Status ___ Volunteered ___ Invited - which division? ___

8. Summary

9. Computer Hardware Requirements:
a. IBM-Compatible microcomputer 80486__
Macintosh 68040 PowerPC__
Older models and operating systems may not be available.
IBM-Compatibles will have MS-DOS and Windows installed

b. Minimum hard disk capacity ___ MByte
c. Minimum memory requirements ____ KByte
d. 3.5" floppy drive__ CDRom drive__
e. Math Coprocessor Required? Yes___ No___
f. Printer Required? Yes___ No___
Epson Compatible (80 col) __ (132 col) __ Laser Printer__
Postscript capable __
Other (excluding compatible with above) _______________________
h. Special monitor or graphics card required? Yes___ No___
If yes, please specify _______________________________________
i. Other equipment needs (sound cards, etc.)

10. Will you be able to provide any non-IBM-Compatible microcomputer
or other special equipment needs you listed? ____
Note: ASA will provide most equipment through a rental agreement.
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT WILL BE AT AUTHOR'S EXPENSE.

11. Intended users of this software: _________________________________

12. Please indicate ASA-CSSA-SSSA Division(s) with which this
demonstration could be cross listed: _____________________________

Return completed form by April 8, 1995 to:
ASA, CSSA, SSSA Headquarters, Attn: Keith Schlesinger; 677 South Segoe
Road; Madison WI 53711-1086 USA

Title-Summary Form Fax: (608) 273-8089 Title Summary forms only
Office phone: (608) 273-8080 ext 322

Questions may be referred to the Office phone or by EMail to:

Software Scene: Tom Hodges thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu
SSSA S-1: Robert Horton
==========================================================================
Cut Here
==========================================================================

ASA-CSSA-SSSA Divisions and Numbers:
A00 Student Activities
A01 Resident Education
A02 Military Land Use and Management
A03 Agroclimatology and Agronomic Modeling
A04 Extension Education
A05 Environmental Quality
A06 International Agronomy
A07 Agricultural Research Station Management
A08 Integrated Agricultural Systems
C00 Computer Software Scene

C01 Crop Breeding, Genetics, and Cytology
C02 Crop Physiology and Metabolism
C03 Crop Ecology, Production, and Management
C04 Seed Physiology, Production, Technology
C05 Turfgrass Science
C06 Crop Quality and Utilization
C07 Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics
C08 Plant Genetic Resources

S01 Soil Physics
S02 Soil Chemistry
S03 Soil Biology and Biochemistry
S04 Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition
S05 Soil Pedology
S06 Soil and Water Management and Conservation
S07 Forest and Range Soils
S08 Nutrient Management and Soil and Plant Analysis
S09 Soil Mineralogy
S10 Wetland Soils
S11 Soils and Environmental Quality
==========================================================================
==========================================================================
Numerous Symposia are organized for each ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting.
Those planned by the Software Scene are listed below.

Software Scene:
1. Global Networking and Databases. Oral, Poster, and Computer
demonstrations are invited on use of global computer networks
such as the Internet and use of agronomic databases
available over such networks in agricultural research and
applications. Contact Dr. Wendell Oak (303-282-2473) for
more detailed information. Joint with division A-5.
2. Demonstrations of Internet Resources. What agronomic
resources are available over the Internet? The World Wide Web,
Gopher, FTP, Telnet, Usenet Forums, EMail lists, etc. may be
demonstrated and potential uses/applications in agricultural
production and research. Oral and poster presentations may
also be suitable. Contact Dr. Tom Hodges (509-786-9207,
thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu) for more detailed information.
Joint with division A-1.

3. Development of User Interfaces for Agronomic Models and other
Software Applications. The user interface (appearance) of a
software application has a large effect on the user's ability
to use it easily and correctly. Oral, Poster, and Computer
demonstrations are invited on types of interfaces, principles of
design, interface development tools, and use of interfaces.
Contact Dr. Dennis Timlin (301-504-6255, dtimlin@ncsr.arsusda.gov)
for more detailed information. Joint with division A-1.

Mostly this message is for Richard Mead (you're doing a great job, by the
way), but I also was not sure who it was asked about modeling water flows
from SDI, so...if you are not interested.....nevr mind!

Richard,

I forwarded one of the queries on to a colleague (Vince Bralts) who
should probably be on the mailing list, but anyway, here's what he sent
back (anyone interested could probably get in touch with Vince directly).
-Ken Shackel, UCD

I will have a graduate student in Fresno collecting data for a two dimensional
finite element model this spring. His name is Ron Yue and he will begin his
modeling effort next August.

So I would be interested in anything that you have on the subject.

I also have a visiting Professor from China who has done a similar model in
China and he will be on email very soon. His name is Dr. Lei. You can reach
him at my address for now.

Cheers VFBralts

I am now a grape grower... but used to farm vegtables. You are right that P
is needed early for root growth while N & K are used later in the growing
cycle, in gereral that is.

Regarding KS foward from V Bralts >
I forwarded one of the queries on to a colleague (Vince Bralts) <.....Ken,the
graduate student has arrived in Fresno. He's an old friend from previous work
related research here. He is also one of the newer subscribers to Trickle-l.
If anyone has a uniformity of emitter questions, Ron Yue would be the one to
ask. Also, I faxed a personal flyer to Vince Bralts, but I don't think he has
subscribed yet. Now that I know his email address, I'll really pester him.

rm
list owner

p.s.
Thanks for the positive comments

Steve Jordon stated >Is there an agronomic advantage to spoon feeding
Phosphate? Potash? The phosphate that makes it through the tape
is expensive and tends to come late in the crop. My education
(formal and continuing) says that P is needed in the beginning and
does not move. Therefore, the best and cheapest is to spread P
before the crop and play with N in the tape.<

Crops growing in subsurface drip environments tend to have root systems that
are not as explorative as traditional irrigation systems. Since P does not
move that much, spoon feeding phosphorous via subsurface drip will actually
deliver P more efficiently for plant uptake. My advice would be use to P as a
preplant for the seedling stage, then use P through the drip system,
especially if you are on P deficient soils. Research at the Water Management
Research Lab has found that P delivered as phosphoric acid (green or
white....yes, expensive or more expensive) can actually restrict/prevent
root-plugging in emitters. We do not know if it is the P or pH of the acid
which affects the behavior of roots. If your irrigation water is slightly
alkaline and has a high calcite concentration (CaCO3), injecting P could
prevent precipitation of calcite and other constituents.
Regarding potash...well, that's another chapter I'll try to comment on later.
Others might know more about K in fertigation.

R Mead
List owner
USDA-ARS-WMRL

Adding Phosphoric acid without knowledge of water chemisty is dangerous and
genarally not practical. The amount of acidity required to lower pHc of water
to acceptable levels from phosphoric alone exceeds the crops requiement for
P.Acids are congruent or incongruent depending upon whether or not they
disassociate completely in water or form other ... H2SO4 is a congruent acid
that disassociates in H2O, Phosphoric is incongruent meaning it does not
donate all its protons to water at the same time, therefore it has to be
injected on a quantitative basis not qualitative, such as pH. The use of
chemicals in "Fertigation" requires an in depth understanding of water and
soil chemistry and an idea of what is desired. When potassium is added to
acidic fertil.izers corrosivity is markedly changed. In general the pHc
calculations are easy to use: above 8.4 precipates don't form; below
(calculated index pHc) precipates form. We have to consider other elements
such as iron as well. Iron phosphate is its own animal Best bet is to get
soil and water analysis and then get help Many low cost alternatives exist
in water chemistry to phosphoric acid straight. Santa Barbara area water in
general is poor. Start with test results and you will get specific
recommendations. This isnt to say Phosporic is not right for suppling P. I
just thought there was more to consider. .

unsubscribe. please remove the undersigned from your e-mail list for the time
being. thankyou. paul m.

Does anyone know anything about what is done with old drip tubing, tape or
hard hose? Can it be recycled? Are some made to be biodegradable?
I've recently read about how tires are being recycled into reusable chemical
compounds (the Titan process). Knowing drip tubing is a bit simpler in
organic structure, it seems that to throw them away would be a waste of a
carbon source. What are the EPA regs on this? Are there any polymer chemist
out there?

R. Mead
List owner

Dear Richard,

I'm certainly not a polymer chemist - but: we have all kinds of uses for old
drip line. We covered the cables supporting shade net with drip, we used it
to hold tunnel covers in place, even used them as rather leaky water hoses.
In the end, we sold them to the recycler who also bought our old plastic
film. I'll try to find out what he did with them.

Warren

In Texas, the current practice with most large growers is to either land-fill
or burn the excess plastic mulch or drip tube. There has been much work in
bio- or uv- degradable plastics, but so far, very little is used in practice.
I think the best solution currently is to plan drip systems to last for
several (7-10 yrs.), thus reducing the amount of waste per pound of produce.

>Our agronomist, Ilan Bar, has 20 years experience in this very field.
> Certainly, individual conditions of water and soil chemistry will make large
>differences. However, it is clear that spoon feeding every irrigation using
>different # of lbs per acre (depending on stage of growth of plants) is
>economically profitable to the grower. Certainly, soil tests are important.
> Our feeling is that although petiol test results are interesting, by the
>time you get the answer, vegetable crops change their reaction and response
>so quickly that it is difficult to make a prescription to correct any
>problems.

I have a theory about petiol tests. In "standard" (furrow
irrigated) ad we sidedress twice or so and water run. IOW, we
apply "slugs" of fertilizer which tends to be of different forms,
nitrate, ammonia, and/or urea. The conversion is soil temperature
and moisture related and also micro biology. Taking a tissue test
is like jumping on a train from the station.

In contrast, trickle/ drip tends to have more constant moisture
and the fertilizer is more likely to be spoon fed. Perhaps, the n,
p, and K of tissues don't vary as much as the furrow irrigated
field. Also, you can get more samples. You can pull just before
irrigation two or three times a week. With hand held Cardy (tm)
or your own lab, you should have timely results. Several of the
growers around here set up basic labs. No Atomic spectrometers,
but basic fertilizer and EC and Ph.

Also with drip you can tweek more. If the tissue is high you can
lower the sidedress, but after that you have to wait. Only three
decision points with furrow irrigated. With drip, many decision
points. Perhaps toooo many, (but that is another topic for
another day unless you are interested)

>
>By the way, green phosphoric acid seems to be fine, as long as it is of the
>"spun" variety. Typical green phosphoric contains clays and colloids that
>may present a problem. Always try a few drops of the fertilizer in your
>water source in double concentration in a glass jar to look for percipitants
>or cloudiness.

We had much problems unless we used 3-9-9 solution. I hear 0-10-10
is fine, but I am very interested in any alternatives.
>
>
>Thanks for your interest and starting an interesting thread. It is obvious
>there are many schools of thought regarding.
>

I think the book is still being written. It is far from mature,
but mostly from a management point of view.

I posted three replies last night. I got my infamous stderr
message. I apparently forgot to re address them. Did they come
in?

Sorry for being a pest!

Hello All! My name is Alan Peacock and I am a new subscriber to
your email list. I am a chemical engineer working in the
Environmental Fate Group of DowElanco. I have just recently been
introduced to the area of drip irrigation and have joined this
list to learn more about it.

To that extent, I have several questions which I would like to pose
to the list:

1)In what geographic regions of the world is drip irrigation being
used? From what little information I have been able to gather, drip
irrigation seems to be confined to very specific geographic regions
such as valleys. Is this impression correct for the entire world,
the USA, or neither one?

2)On what crops is drip irrigation being used? Is there only one
crop grown in a geographic area, or is there a variety?

3)What soil types lend themselves to drip irrigation? What soil
types are problematic?

4)Is the type of drip used (surface or subsurface) common in each
geographic area? Which type is used in your area?

5)For the researchers among you, are there any computer models which
can be used to describe the movement of chemicals emitted from a
drip irrigation system?

6)Where can I learn more about this practice?

I would appreciate any information that you could provide pertaining to
my questions. If any (or all) of you would be kind enough to respond to
my email address below, I will compile the responses and report back to
the list.

Thank You!

Alan Peacock
apeacock@elinet1.dowelanco.com

------------------------------------------------------------------------
The thoughts presented in the above message do not necessarily represent
those of my employer.

--========================_10402492==_
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"

Attached please find copies of the two "Irrigation Consumer Bill of Rights"
which have been developed at the Cal Poly ITRC in conjunction with the
California Irrigation Dealers Assoc (CIDA). All CIDA members have adopted
the Bills. In their offices, they have
* A plaque with the Logo and their company name
* Peel-off stickers with the Logo, that they attach to bids and documents
* Copies suitable for framing
* Extra copies to hand out to customers.

The ITRC provides the plaque, stickers, and good copies as a $100 package
to anyone who is interested.

The "Irrigation Consumer Bill of Rights" consists of two "bills" - one for
Drip/Micro and one for all irrigation systems. They each are a list of
questions which should be asked by customers.

The idea is to have customers ask questions in advance of the purchase and
installation. One can debate forever about exactly what questions should
be asked and the best verbage, but the fact is that right now very few
questions are asked at all, and this is a good start. Many farmers find
these questions too involved, as is. However, they will need to address
them sooner or later, and our objective was to get them addressed sooner.

I am "attaching" the documents as Microsoft WORD documents from the
Macintosh, so if you are using a Macintosh you just need to open them up as
you would any other file. They will appear on your hard drive when you
accept them. I'm not sure about those of you with DOS or Windows format.

--========================_10402492==_
Content-Type: application/mac-binhex40; name="latest_Gen._Cons._Bill_of_Right"
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="latest_Gen._Cons._Bill_of_Right"

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!!!!!%Pi!!!:

--========================_10402492==_--

General Irrigation Consumer Bill of Rights
This supplements various Bills written for specific irrigation methods.
Discuss these items with your irrigation dealer before purchasing your
irrigation system. The discussion will help you to make wiser selections
of design options, and to appreciate the obligations of both yourself
and the dealer in creating your irrigation system.

Designer Qualifications
What are the dealer credentials (formal training, references, designer
certification by The Irrigation Association, contractor's license, and/or
professional agricultural engineer registration)?

Design Features (General)
What is the life expectancy of system components?
What safety features have been included?
What are the options for future upgrades?
What is the recommended list of spare parts?

Specific Operating/Design Parameters
What will be the Distribution Uniformity on the whole field when brand new?
Does the system provide climate control?

Water requirements.
What are the peak daily needs (acre-inches) for a normal year?
What is the system delivery capacity in 24 hours (acre-inches)?
What is the anticipated amount of water to be used per year (Acre-feet)
If the field has plants with different spacings, ages, or varieties,
what is the recommended procedure to provide the appropriate amount of
water per acre per week to each block?

Energy consumption
Is it possible to pump all water during off-peak hours?
What are the pump and motor/engine efficiencies?
Are you provided with a pump curve showing the GPM and pressure?
What is the sensitivity of pump flow rates to well water level changes?
What is the energy cost per acre-foot?

Filtration
Is filtration necessary, and if so, what type is provided?

Chemical injection.
Are locally required backflow prevention and safety devices provided?
What is the capacity of the injector, in gallons per hour?
Can the equipment inject both fertilizers and other chemicals?

Flow meter
Does it measure both flow rate (GPM) and volume (Acre-feet) applied?
Does installation follow manufacturer's recommendations with regard to
lengths of straight pipe, pipe diameter, and straightening vanes?

Pressure, air, and flushing
Are there adequate continuous air vents, vacuum relief valves, and
flushouts?
What are the number, type, and size of pressure relief valves?
Is the pressure rating of all system components sufficiently high for
the anticipated water temperature, surge pressures, and normal pressures?

Warranties
Who provides equipment installation, start-up, and adjustment?
What are warranties on individual component and "system" design performance?
Who is providing warranties and what do the warranties cover and exclude?
Are the providers financially capable of standing behind their warranties?
What is the availability of replacement parts?
Will you be provided with a packet containing manufacturers' literature,
warranties, and operation instructions for the system?
Is the irrigation dealer a "full service" dealer?

For more details on any one of these items, contact:
Irrigation Training and Research Center (ITRC)
California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly)
San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
ph: (805) 756-2434 FAX: (805) 756-2433
General Irrigation Consumer Bill of Rights
C. Burt - Cal Poly ITRC
This program has been adopted by the Irrigation Dealers Association
of California

I reformatted this for our non Mac users
Hope I did it right
Tim
===========================================================================
Tim Parichan | Steph Said "Daddy, do you think
Tim Parichan Farms, inc. | Jerry is Santa Claus"
P. O. Box 9480 | I said "I can't think of a better
Fresno, Ca. 93711 | Choice"
kluko@cerfnet.com | Peace to All
tparich@CATI.CSUFresno.EDU |
===========================================================================

>The important thing for a producer is to find soil test calibration for soils a
>nd crops near the location or with similiar soils and climate. Field trials on
> various soil test levels with various rates (not all on the same field) would
>show if a response is probable.

<sigh> that is a correct answer. My problem is that I grow crops
with a partner. I would like to make the best decision, explain
why I rejected the alternative, and _Test_ the crop to evaluate
making a change during the crop or next year. My partner may not
agree with my "hunch" or informed decision. If their idea of
right is more money, I probably will have to do it and watch.

My informed decision as of today is the thresholds not base
saturation is the correct analysis, but will add K "to be safe".
There is more than farming involved in farming ......

Following is a resource on the Internet for California Flood Information.
This is a World Wide Web Site and can be accessed by using your WWW browser
(such as Mosaic, Netscape or lynx.)

---------------
Flood Information from CERES (California Environmental Resource Evaluation
System)

http://resources.agency.ca.gov/flood2.html
---------------

If you only have a gopher client, here are some of the gopher sites
referenced in the above WWW page:
---------------
For California Flash Flood Watch, River Statement, River Statement, Severe
Weather Statement, Short Term Fcst, Special Weather Statement, State
Forecast, Weather Roundup, and Surface Maps: University of Illinois Weather
Machine

gopher wx.atmos.uiuc.edu
path /States/California
---------------
Office of Emergency Services
gopher oes1.oes.ca.gov
---------------
FEMA Press Releases
gopher femapub1.fema.gov
---------------

I am about to ask for some funding to begin to look research in
subsurface irriagtion in the irrigated hort. areas on the River Murray
in Australia. If anyone has any suggestions on how best to start to
gain some experience I would appreciate it.

One of the things we will be looking at is to get some design criteria
etc for slotted pipes ie drainage pipes with holes or slots in them
buried underneath the surface. I would be interested if anyone has
had any experience with this?

Cheers
Tony M :-)
******************************************************
* Tony Meissner *
* Senior Research Scientist (Soils) *
* SA Research & Development Institute *
* PO Box 411, Loxton SA, Australia 5333 *
* Tel. 085 85 9146 *
* Fax: 085 85 9199 *
* email Meissner.Tony@pi.sa.gov.au *
*****************************************************

Hello Alan,
In answer to your questions on drip irrigation here are a few answers
from southern Australia in the region along the River Murray
stretching from Mildura (in the State of Victoria) to the mouth in
South Australia.

1) Drip irrigation is used in this region and other regions such as the
Mt Lofty ranges in SA.

2) The most commonly irrigated crop is wine grapes but some
interest is being shown for citrus.

3) The soil types along the river are predominately loamy sands to
sandy clay loams, alkaline in naure with varying degrees of free lime
in the profile.

4) Most of the drip is surface. very little subsurface to my
knowledge.

5) Others might have info on this question

Hope this helps you Alan

Cheers
Tony M :-)
******************************************************
* Tony Meissner *
* Senior Research Scientist (Soils) *
* SA Research & Development Institute *
* PO Box 411, Loxton SA, Australia 5333 *
* Tel. 085 85 9146 *
* Fax: 085 85 9199 *
* email Meissner.Tony@pi.sa.gov.au *
*****************************************************

A topic which has rarely been discussed on Trickle-L is filtration. This
process is one of the keys to low-volume micro-irrigation emitter clogging
prevention. For the next few paragraphs, I'll attempt to cover this topic in
a step-by-step format. Please correct me if I cover anything which is
incorrect or out of date.

First, there are three components which need to be filtered in order for any
particle which passes after that to be smaller than the emitter orifice size.
The three components are: Physical, chemical and biological. The physical
entities would include sand, silt and clay particles and possibly plastic
shavings. The chemical aspect would be the various alkaline earth metal
anions and cations or fertilizer elements such as iron, copper, zinc,
manganese and phosphorous which would form precipitates within the system.
The biological components are algae, bacterial slime, filament and biological
activity using iron, manganese and sulfur in their metabolism which again
would form precipitates. The biological components such as slime could also
act as a binding agent thereby creating a larger particle-blob. Both the
chemical and biological components can be treated using acids, chlorine and
polymers. I'll discuss water treatment in another posting.

Success in filtering particles should center around the water source and
quality. Non-well sources such as canals or reservoirs will be conducive to
more organic organisms than aquifer sources. Algal blooms could overwhelm a
filter system. It would be advisable if one could get a year-round analysis
of what the inorganic and organic quality of the water is, since this might
fluctuate due to seasonal adjustments. For wells, the ground water usually
has different chemistry in the spring due to more dissolution of overlying
soil into the aquifer. In the summer, the aquifer's normal chemistry is
stabilized unless recharging is insufficient. The water table could have
great fluctuations thus creating different chemistry. All the more reason for
several analysis throughout the year. Bucks et al. 1979 discussed clogging
factors and gave them hazard ratings. For physical suspended solids, ratings
ranged from minor to severe based on particle concentrations of less than 50
to more than 100 mg/l, respectively. For dissolved solids, minor to severe
hazard ratings range from below 500 to above 2000 mg/l, respectively.
Bacterial numbers (no./ml) range from below 10,000 for minor to above 50,000
for severe.

We at the Water Management Research Lab in our various projects do not have
settling basins and I don't know how popular they are in other regions. Yet,
this concept is theoretically the first step of filtration from a non-well
source. The idea with settling basins is that solids will settle to the
bottom of the basin thereby allowing the irrigation system to pull water off
the top. In a true since, a reservoir is a settling basin. Floating intakes
are usually popular, especially with fluctuating pond or reservoir levels.
Intake should be kept to under 1.5 ft/sec (.45m/sec) and should be positioned
above prevailing winds to prevent debris from choking the system. It is also
recommended that the basin have a 1 hour retention time prior to water
withdrawal. Once the water is taken from a basin, canal, reservoir or well,
it is ready for physical filtration. Traditionally water is filtered with
loose sand media first followed by screen filtration if necessary. However,
each system is unique and could have different arrangements. Some individuals
pre-screen before the sand media. Regardless of the sequence, loose sand
media filtration is usually considered better at filtering organics from
surface waters. Sand media filters should be inspected periodically and the
media should be replaced every 2 years. It is recommended that there be at
least 14 vertical inches (~36 cm) of sand contained in the filter for optimal
cleansing. Research has shown that the top 4 in. (10 cm) catches 95% of the
particles. Sharp-edge sand is the most effective media. Solids lodge more
readily with this type of sand. #20 silica sand produces a 200 mesh quality.
#11 granite sand produces a 180 to 200 mesh quality. Some people mix these
two sands, otherwise known as multi-media (no, not CD-ROM's). It is known as
a salt and pepper mix. I've also seen in the literature that a mixture of
garnet and anthracite is another media, which when mixed creates a nice
separation due to differential specific gravities allowing garnet at the
bottom and anthracite on the top.
The types of tanks which hold the sand media are usually made of three types
of material: carbon steel (the most common), stainless steel, and fiberglass.
Stainless steel uses "Type 304" stainless. It is popular due to its longevity
and light weight, although this type of steel is susceptible to pitting due
to chloride ion electrolysis. I read some where a few years ago that
companies were thinking of putting anodes to prevent this phenomenon in the
extreme cases, yet I haven't seen any follow up on the idea. Fiberglass tanks
are highly resistant to corrosion but they are more costly and possibly could
breakdown over time due to UV light exposure. When mixing certain chemicals
through the system, resin degradation of the fiberglass could occur.
Size of the media filters range from 12 to 48 inches (0.3 - 1.2 m) in
diameter. Sand media filter maintenance requires backflushing (some call it
backwashing). If the system does not backflush well, its filtering capacity
is reduced. Backflushing involves reversing some of the water of the system
from the bottom of the tank up through the top, thus uplifting the entire
media bed pushing the contaminants through a special outlet for disposal. A
certain flow rate must be achieved in order to correctly flush the system.
The only flow specs I could find for specific media was that of #20 silica
sand. It needs 15 to 18 gpm (57 to 68 Liters/min.) per square foot (0.09 sq.
m) of media for correct flushing. At any lower rate of flushing, correct
backflushing will not occur. Some systems have automatic backflushing
capabilities. When a certain pressure differential occurs between the
incoming and outgoing water through the media, backflushing will occur.
Usually this pressure differential is about 6 psi (0.4 bars). Others suggest
that flow rate is better suited in gauging backflushing onset. The flow specs
on the media should match the flow out of the system during backflushing.
After media filters, water could be filtered again using screen filters.
These filters are a fine grid- type membrane where particles larger than the
mesh are trapped. Again, when a significant pressure drop occurs between
incoming and outgoing water, screen filters need to be flushed. At times they
need to be physically pulled from their housing to be scrubbed and possibly
cleansed with a mild acid to dissolve any precipitate. It is also possible to
inject acid in between the sand media and screen filter pipe line area. The
advantage of a screen filter is that it normally is easy to clean and is
compact. A lot of growers use portable pump systems such that the screen
filters are ideal for transport on a trailer.
Next posting I will discuss acid injection, chlorination and polymers.

>A topic which has rarely been discussed on Trickle-L is filtration.

As growers, we have two main filter systems. One is a sand media
and the other is an automated disk filter system (Star- netafim).

Back pressure is necessary to backflush the media. We installed
pressure control values to assure proper pressure. I believe that
is true in both types of filters. The disk filter seemed more
sensitive.

We inject acid in front of the filter to reduce the iron loving
bacteria (that is what _we_ call it).

Whe I asked the local ASCS people they assured me that sand media
was by far the best. But ???

Also, dont forget about in line screens downstream from the
filters as insurance against catastrophic filet failure.

Furthermore, don't forget about the quantity of backflush water.
We manually backflush daily to assure no fertilizer goes into it.
there is a automatic controller in case we forget. If you
fertilize your backflush water, you waste money and discharge
"pollutants".

the Star filters make a more compact and "pretty" site. They use
less water to backflush. I am not sure when it comes to surface
supplies which filters biologicals best (I think sand).

I guess the epoxy cake for an underdrain is passe now as everyone
has gone to gravel.

What else can I say?

BTW- I lost the last two nights of email <grumble>!

>
>>A topic which has rarely been discussed on Trickle-L is filtration.
>
>As growers, we have two main filter systems. One is a sand media
>and the other is an automated disk filter system (Star- netafim).
>
>Back pressure is necessary to backflush the media. We installed
>pressure control values to assure proper pressure. I believe that
>is true in both types of filters. The disk filter seemed more
>sensitive.
>
>We inject acid in front of the filter to reduce the iron loving
>bacteria (that is what _we_ call it).
>
>Whe I asked the local ASCS people they assured me that sand media
>was by far the best. But ???
>
>Also, dont forget about in line screens downstream from the
>filters as insurance against catastrophic filet failure.
>
>Furthermore, don't forget about the quantity of backflush water.
>We manually backflush daily to assure no fertilizer goes into it.
>there is a automatic controller in case we forget. If you
>fertilize your backflush water, you waste money and discharge
>"pollutants".
>
>the Star filters make a more compact and "pretty" site. They use
>less water to backflush. I am not sure when it comes to surface
>supplies which filters biologicals best (I think sand).
>
>I guess the epoxy cake for an underdrain is passe now as everyone
>has gone to gravel.
>
>What else can I say?
>
>BTW- I lost the last two nights of email <grumble>!

Actually, epoxy cakes are still being sold in some areas. They have
advantages of a very large percentage open area; the problem is really in
cracking with transportation and improper maintenance, in which case they
get dirty and then during backflush they crack.

In my opinion, media tanks are tough to beat, but the reason for so many
problems is apparent:
1. People undersize them, so they need the pressure sustaining valve you
are describing.
2. The media size is often incorrect.
3. The gravel is often not washed before installing it (even pre-washed
gravel is very dirty). Result: The underdrains can be plugged almost
immediately.
4. Adjustments to backflush flow rate, dwell, differential pressure, and
time override are done incorrectly.
5. The initial cleaning of the media and initial backflushing is done
incorrectly.

All of these problems are easy to solve, but people just don't do them or
even know about them.

One other major problem - often a filter, regardless of its type, needs
pre-filtration.

Several points:

1. 316 Stainless steel is available from a few companies
2. Anodes are a "standard" option of some companies such as Yardney
3. Reservoirs for settling basins are fairly standard in the Coachella
Valley, although the growers may not realize that they serve that function
as well as buffering the 24-hour deliveries from the district.

>One other major problem - often a filter, regardless of its type, needs
>pre-filtration.

Huh. I know some farmers use a sand separator. I guess to
keep sand out of the sand media. Well water no pre filter?

>>Back pressure is necessary to backflush the media. We installed
>>pressure control values to assure proper pressure. I believe that
>>is true in both types of filters. The disk filter seemed more
>>sensitive.
>
4. Adjustments to backflush flow rate, dwell, differential pressure, and
>time override are done incorrectly.

At the risk of sidetracking this discussion,,,, pressure. What
an interesting subject. The minimum pressure to operate a pressure
compensating valve consistently is 30 psi for us. Is that a
reasonable minimum. But at 30 psi, we cannot backflush. So
choice
A: during backflushing close a valve or two to increase
pressure.
B: install a pressure sustaining valve which keeps the pressure at
the media filters high, but might starve the pc valves.

Also, if we run low pressure, we might be on the inefficient side
of our pumps. I am studying whether to in line two pumps to allow
one at drip pressure and higher volumes and add pump two to get
sprinkler pressure. Or buy two pumps, which will allow me to get
two type of volumes at an intermediate pressure and moderate
efficiency.

Sprinklers take much higher pressures. I think 65-70 or 70- 75
will work for sprinklers.

Concerning filtration; what do you do with your flush water from sand media
filters? Especially in a permanent crop situation. Any info will be
helpful...

At 10:00 PM 1/29/95 -0600, MEAD2513@aol.com wrote:
>A lot of growers use portable pump systems such that the screen
>filters are ideal for transport on a trailer.

Has anyone any information on how to build one of these? i.e., pump specs,
filter details, materials list and suppliers, etc. I believe some
researcher in the east has used something similar for irrigation demos.

Any pointers would be much appreciated.

****************
jclement@moose.uvm.edu
http://moose.uvm.edu/~jclement/
AKA Mr Liberty
AAKA Jon Clements
Plant & Soil Science Dept.
Hills Building
University of Vermont
Burlington, VT 05405
VOICE (802) 656-2924
FAX (802) 656-4656
****************

>>One other major problem - often a filter, regardless of its type, needs
>>pre-filtration.
>
>
>
> Huh. I know some farmers use a sand separator. I guess to
>keep sand out of the sand media. Well water no pre filter?
>
>
Generally the media tanks handle sand just fine - unless you get sand
particles with the same specific gravity as the media. You ought to check
this out ahead of time, if possible (tough with an as-yet-undrilled well).

However, a sand separator can remove a large (70-95%) percentage of the
sand load, which gets real important if the well is really pumping sand.
Of course, the other implication is that eventually the pump will get worn
out - maybe pretty soon.

The pre-filters I was talking about fall into the following categories,
typically:
1. Reservoir - for settling silt loads (real important with Colo. River
water) and aerating iron/manganese and being able to buffer varying flow
rates.
2. Conveyor belt-type screens which rotate on an elapsed time or pressure
differential. These are usually locally fabricated.
3. Plum Creek screen-types of designs
4. Long, large area flat plates w/ 3/4" holes on banks of flowing canals.
These can be squeegied off. They were developed by Ram Dhan Khalsa at
Grand Junction, Colo.

Would the ability to PRECISELY control chlorine or bromine in a drip system,
as well as automating chemical and fertilizer additions be useful? My
company is starting to get into this area with golf course fertilizer, and we
have the ability to completely automate these types of systems. Does the
market allow for this kind of costs?

Hi! Thank you Richard for your welcome message. I will reply to your
questionaire over the weekend. I am pleased to be able to join the group.

Last week at Stockton Ag. Show I had the pleasure of having an Israeli
company to my left, to my right and in front of me so I could learn
everything about disk filters that I ought to know but was affraid to ask.
The salesmen of both of the two Israeli companies that sell disk filters in
the U.S. advised me that self flushing disk filters were not suitable for
water with even a little sand because the sand gets caught in the disks on
closing after flushing causing severe damage to the disk flow path.

On another subject: I am new to the NET. I have access to WWW. Can anyone
advise me where are the best sources for information about agriculture,
landscaping and environmental information? Tks, Rodney
(geoflowr@halcyon.com)

>Would the ability to PRECISELY control chlorine or bromine in a drip system,
as well as automating chemical and fertilizer additions be useful?<

With the right type of metering pump, one can inject any water soluble
chemical at very low levels (~1 - 10 ppm). Our lab, at various projects
around the state, has injected phos-acid at 15 ppm and chlorine gas at 1- 10
ppm on subsurface drip irrigation systems for years using automation. I would
suggest a Hutchins or McCrometer positive displacement type pump for your
injection needs and NOT a mazzey (sic) for precision reasons. Don't get me
wrong, mazzeys are great for injecting chemicals for shocking purposes or
deliverying fertilizer at a certain level, but not accurate for daily minute
deliveries (it varies too much over time).
In terms of automating the system, the most automated system in the world
would STILL need human maintenance and management. All our projects are
automated and do quite well by themselves, BUT there is always a need for
human visual checking on at the very least a weekly basis. Sensors could be
installed in your "field" to sense ETc and trigger an irrigation (matric
potential sensors, tensionmeters, TDR's, ETgage, computerized weather
station, automated evaporation pan, even a good timer), such that the system
could be automated for subsurface drip irrigation delivery and chemical
injection.

> My company is starting to get into this area with golf course fertilizer,
and we
have the ability to completely automate these types of systems. Does the
market allow for this kind of costs?<

Due to the success of subsurface drip on golf courses (a growing trend by the
way), it probably could be cost effective for the higher end golf courses and
the turf/sod industry.

R. Mead
List owner
------------------------------ Cut here ------------------------------